The Anger We All Share Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Anger We every last(predicate) ShareAnger, it is an emotion that we are whole familiar with and in a way, an grave part of the average normally functioning human. Who hasnt encountered fire in a friend, family member, or even the random person you met on the course? In literature, it is absolutely necessary in order to generate a tale with the right tension and motive for character behavior. Authors use original wording to fashion the various images necessary to convey this emotion fiery, smoldering, explosive, seething, etc., theyre all employed to describe anger. Anger seems to be something we brush offt avoid. Every time youre bitter, cynical, guardianship a grudge, sullen, or frustrated, it was either because of anger youre experiencing these emotions or will guide in anger. So what is anger, and what causes it? Why does this emotion play such an important part in our lives, and in some cases, cause so much(prenominal) trouble? Anger can be mild, as with annoyance a t a younger sibling, or intense like the rage mat if you returned home to find it burglarized. Though in this society, we have generally been taught that anger is bad, this is actually a normal and healthy emotion (1). That is, if experienced in moderation anything to excess tends to result in trouble. When anger gets out of control, it can become a serious problem, which could not only damage your relationships with separate people provided also leave you feeling helpless to an unforeseeable emotion (1). The Fore sense, namely the Cerebellum, is responsible for our emotions, anger being one of them (8). want other strong emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes. These changes include, but arent restricted to, the increase of heart rate and blood pressure, a... ...er, theories about how and wherefore aggression develops, and means of preventing or coping with anger http//mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/3)Helth Anger and Aggression, Consumer tips http// www.athealth.com/Consumer/newsletter/FPN_4_22.html4)Heart Information Network, Anger and its effect on the heart a reappraisal of research studies http//www.heartinfo.org/main.asp5)Angermgnt.com Building Better Human Relationships, Anger Toolkit http//www.angermgmt.com/techniques.html6)Counseling and Career Center, A Brigham Young University Website http//www.byu.edu/ccc/counseling/anger.shtml7)Mean Genes, Comparing aggression in mankind and other primates http//detnews.com/1997/accent/9707/09/07090017.htm8)The Brain, Biology and Behavior, A number of definitions regarding the brain http//onlinelearning.tc.cc.va.us/faculty/tcmuthj/notes3.htm

19th Century London in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay

19th degree centigrade London in A Christmas Carol by Charles hellionA term for finding yourself a social class older, and non an mo richerthis is a fair example that represents grumps overall attitude toChristmas and those who celebrate it.The rally character of a Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge a man envisi 1d by two as a miser who cares little for others aroundhim, a man whose only if interest in carriage is money that spate be do fromexploiting other throng.The impertinent is set in puritanic London in the 19th century, a Londonthat is very several(predicate) to the London we hunch instantly there was nowelfare state, field Health benefit or environmental laws. Realpoverty existed and those that had no money any starved or ended upin the workhouses, debt prisons or false to crime.It is interesting that the novel is set during Christmas, a clock thatis traditionally for handsome, a cartridge holder to be spent with the family, and atime for reflectio n. Scrooge at the beginning of the novel does notappreciate this, and calls everything fraud, and it is only throughhis visits with the ghosts that he realizes that pleasure can be putfrom giving as well as receiving.The picture that is painted by Dickens of life and the conditions inwhich people spicyd is very depressing by todays standards The wayswere foul and narrow the shops and houses wretched the people halfnaked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. Alleys and archways, care so many another(prenominal)cesspools, disgorged their offences of smell, and dirt, and life, uponthe straggling streets and the whole rump reeked with crime, withfilth, and misery.Throughout the novel Dickens focuses on many different aspects andissues nigh life in 19th century London. He o... ... a year older, and not an hour richer and he does notbelieve in giving or backup any charities and he does not believein goodwill. This is suggested in many different things Scrooge saysin the novel. God give you , merry gentlemen, Scrooge seized theruler with such energy of action, that the singer fled in terror.This was said by Scrooge when he was visited by the carol singers, itshows how practically anger and dislike Scrooge has towards Christmas and thosewho celebrated it.In conclusion, the image that one is left with from Dickens is a verydepressing one, one of dark, smelly, and foul streets. Images ofpoverty and hardship, and a society that cared little for the welfareof others, where if you had money you could live comfortably, but ifyou did not life was very tough. It is not a show where, I feel,anyone today would like to live. 19th Century London in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay19th Century London in A Christmas Carol by Charles DickensA time for finding yourself a year older, and not an hour richerthis is a good example that represents Scrooges overall attitude toChristmas and those who celebrate it.The central character of a Christmas Carol is Ebene zer Scrooge a manportrayed by Dickens as a miser who cares little for others aroundhim, a man whose only interest in life is money that can be made fromexploiting other people.The novel is set in Victorian London in the 19th century, a Londonthat is very different to the London we know today there was nowelfare state, National Health Service or environmental laws. Realpoverty existed and those that had no money either starved or ended upin the workhouses, debt prisons or turned to crime.It is interesting that the novel is set during Christmas, a time thatis traditionally for giving, a time to be spent with the family, and atime for reflection. Scrooge at the beginning of the novel does notappreciate this, and calls everything Humbug, and it is only throughhis visits with the ghosts that he realizes that pleasure can be foundfrom giving as well as receiving.The picture that is painted by Dickens of life and the conditions inwhich people lived is very depressing by todays standards Th e wayswere foul and narrow the shops and houses wretched the people halfnaked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. Alleys and archways, like so manycesspools, disgorged their offences of smell, and dirt, and life, uponthe straggling streets and the whole quarter reeked with crime, withfilth, and misery.Throughout the novel Dickens focuses on many different aspects andissues about life in 19th century London. He o... ... a year older, and not an hour richer and he does notbelieve in giving or supporting any charities and he does not believein goodwill. This is suggested in many different things Scrooge saysin the novel. God bless you, merry gentlemen, Scrooge seized theruler with such energy of action, that the singer fled in terror.This was said by Scrooge when he was visited by the carol singers, itshows how much anger and hate Scrooge has towards Christmas and thosewho celebrated it.In conclusion, the image that one is left with from Dickens is a verydepressing one, one of dark, smelly, and polluted streets. Images ofpoverty and hardship, and a society that cared little for the welfareof others, where if you had money you could live comfortably, but ifyou did not life was very tough. It is not a place where, I feel,anyone today would like to live.

“Consumer Banking” Compliance Assessment Essay

Consumer Banking Compliance AssessmentIntroductionPart One       The chore entities exact evolved tremendously all over time. Among the m either advancements made in the vocation enterprise attention is the smother of the creation of different operating building blocks. One of the or so fundamental operating building blocks is the meekness unit. Each operating unit is accorded its own mandates and hurt of references. This way, apiece unit is made somehow independent to the extent that it operates inwardly the acceptments of the entire organizations goals. In addition, each operating unit is stird with its responsibilities. This is in strong suit with the consumption of the creation of the unit in the first place. The number of the operating units depends on the classes of functions that be identifiable in the entire organization. Furthermore, all the operating units must be able to touch base with unity an some other. This is beca engage they atomic number 18 all operating in the best reside of the entire organization. If one and only(a) fails, all the others ar affected. at that placefore, none can prevail in solitude. It is as well meaning(a) to none that all the units should pick bulge a proper reporting procedure to the wariness and finally to the instrument panel of directors. This is because they be answerable to the board. Understanding the nature of each production line unit is thence very measurable. Identification of the elements that piddle the cargon unit is also of the essence(predicate). In this way, we can appreciate the role of each calling unit, how they link to each other and ultimately how they contri entirelye to the success of the entire business.       Compliance unit is a very finicky unit in the monetary persistence. It is special because its functions are not business activities but crowing advice to other business units on how to improve respectfulness w ith the rules and regulations. Just like whatsoever other operating unit, the intensity level of the respect unit in discharging its duties is affected by factors such as harm of reference, authority, reporting responsibilities, accountability and the quality of the lag. all(a) these factors together leave see that the unit is successful in its trading operations or it fails. If it is successful then it is relevant to the entire degraded because it bequeath provide the much motiveed assistance. If it fails, the entire firm testament possible fail because the conformance risks will ultimately catch up with it dapple un sensitive. It is therefore important to look critically at the factors that check up on that the open compliance unit is effective.       First and foremost, the terms of reference for the compliance unit predict the effectiveness of the unit. The terms of reference spell tabu the ad hoc task that the unit is mandated to carry erupt . The task should be nationd clearly with no ambiguity. For instance, in the case of the compliance unit, the task is to advise the business on how to comply with the represend rules, regulations, laws and standards. In addition, the compliance section monitors the business activities to find out whether they are within the regulations set out. The plane section also monitors the involve of employees to identify actual encroachments or potential violations of rules, procedures, policies, regulations and standards that are guidelines in the industry. In a nutshell, the duty of the compliance section is to create programs that permit the firms compliance. It is the duty of the precedential management and the business line supervisors that ensure ultimately that there is firm compliance with laws and the regulations. Furthermore, in the terms of references, the objectives of the compliance unit must be stated clearly. This way, the part will have the backdrop for measuring it s performance just like every other business unit. The objectives of the department may be with regard to how umpteen trainings that will be done at a vown time, how a great deal surveillance will be asked, how often policies will be reviewed among others. Lastly, the purpose of existence of the department must be clearly understood if the department has to be effective in discharging its duties. For instance, the department should be made aware that its main purpose is to assist the management in identifying compliance risks, assessing them and advising on what should be done to parry their repercussions as well as their recurrence. There are set guidelines that dictate the operations of the compliance unit. They stipulate the boundaries of the operations of the department and the limits of its mandate. If these guidelines and the instructions are adhered to, the effectiveness of the compliance unit will be realized in the firm. There will be no conflicts of interest between t he compliance unit and the management responsibilities.       The other important factor that influences the effectiveness of the compliance department is the authority. The authority of the compliance department should be clearly stated out. To ensure monitoring of the business activities and the detainment of the employees, the compliance staff should be effrontery unlimited function to admission fee all the instruction in all the business units in the firm. The compliance staff should be answerable to the board and the older management alone. For instance, gauge the business unit in a bank in shake up of loan processing is about to commit a crime with keep an eye on to the regulations that govern the operations. A client comes to the office of the business line animal trainer in this business unit. It happens that the client is a friend of the manager. According to the set regulations governing advancing loans, the client does not meet the criteria. The manager maneuvers and gas embolism the rules in favor of his friend to get the loan. This is an issue that touches on compliance. Without large authority on the part of the compliance staff to investigate the dish out of the manager in this business unit, then it would be infeasible to dig such a move. Perhaps it could end up undetected. To this extent, the compliance department would be deemed to have failed, but only because it had no authority over such circumstances.       How the compliance staff report their findings is also very important if the department is to be effective. In order of hierarchy, the board of directors is at the top. The senior management is the second. The board gives instructions to the senior management staff. The senior management gives instructions to the business line managers who in turn command business unit supervisors. The supervisors give orders to the employees. The compliance department does not play any direct role in th e business, it is therefore termed as a non-business department in the firm. The board and the senior management ultimately enforce compliance with the rules and the regulations starting with the business line managers and the business unit supervisors. Then the supervisors ensure that the employees toe the line in matters that regard laws, rules, regulations, procedures and the standards of the firm. The compliance department is abstruse identification of the possible violations of the compliance. If such violations are identified, they should be communicated to the right person. The take aim of the compliance department reports directly to the board and senior managers for an appropriate natural process to be taken. This is because, as we have already mentioned above, it is the responsibility of the board and the senior managers to ensure full compliance in the entire firm. The fact that the compliance department can report directly to the board makes it possible to distract a possible crisis that could result from misconduct of employees.       Another factor that influences the effectiveness of the compliance unit in a firm is the quality of the staff members. The staff should be well educated in matters that regard the state laws that affect the firm. In addition, they should have a good understanding of the rules, regulations, procedures and standards of that firm. This companionship will help them in making proper decisions when carrying out their duties. This is because it is impossible to tell when a violation has happened or is about to happen if one does not sack out what was supposed to done in the first place. The issue of quality of staff burn downs also in business units that are twisting selling process. It is important for the compliance officeholders to know the line of products that are cosmos sold and the suppliers who supply them. This is because some business entities enter into agreements with certain suppliers. For instance, in a certain business entity in Singapore that sells electronics from Samsung keep company, the following violation of the compliance was committed and went unidentified. In this particular instance, the manager in charge of sales decided that he could order some electronic devices from Sony Company without informing the rest of the management team.. The reason why this manager decided to do such a thing oblivious of its consequences to the entire business was because he thought that Sony products sold more than Samsung products of the same line. One lower-ranking compliance officer was inspecting the products in the business stock. He noticed two Sony and Samsung products but did not question. This is because he did not know that there was a deal between the business entity and Samsung Company and that presence of Sony products meant that the manager was not compliant.Part Two       The regulation of the fiscal services sector requires a delicate b alance macrocosm kept up(p) between over-regulation on the one hand and under-regulation on the other. This is because pecuniary services are delicate matters that are sensitive to any immaterial changes and the impact of any external force is significant in the survival of the fiscal industry. Regulation of monetary industry emanates from two levels. These levels include external and internal levels. External regulations are the most significant because they essentially target satisf natural action of the consumer of the services and not ineluctably the well-being of the financial industry. They are meant to make the financial institutions disciplined in terms of their services to their consumers. They are made by external bodies that wield how the financial institutions operate with respect to the quality of services that the end substance abuser receives. For instance, the consumer requires to know the truth about the services that they are about to purchase. Therefore, th ey require information that is not misleading. If left to the financial institutions, they would not care the candor of the information they give but the quantity of the sales. They would give misleading information that is only aimed at convincing the consumers to like their services. Internal regulation is aimed at maintaining the survival of the business in the world of competition. It ensures that the business shapes its niche and maintains its reputation. This way, it ensures that the business maintains the competitive atmosphere. Too much external regulation would have harmful effects in terms of survival of financial institutions. Too tiny regulation would lead to suffering of the consumers. A balance is therefore paramount to be maintained.       In Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), besides being the Central Bank, itis the institution that is charged with the responsibility of regulating all financial institutions including the banking and indemnification sector. The MAS uses many instruments to baffle financial institutions. First and foremost, it uses exemplifys of Parliament to spoil financial institutions. These Acts constitute the laws that if broken or violated culminate to a severe penalty. Among the most important Acts are the Banking Act 1999, the Financial Advisers Act 2005 and the Insurance Act 2002. Another instrument that the MAS uses is directives. They directives spell out the profound requirements of the financial institution. Notices are also issued to certain class of financial institutions to cut back certain requirements that are legally binding. Moreover, the MAS applies guidelines as an instrument to regulate financial institutions. Guidelines dictate the best practice standards that govern the conduct of the specified institutions. Codes are also applicable because they set out the rules governing the conduct of financial institutions with regard to the performance of certain activiti es. Examples of codes are those that govern how Takeovers and Mergers can be done. Practice Notes are used to guide the financial institutions on administrative procedures that pertain to the matters of licensing, reporting and compliance. Circulars are also very useful. They are paperss sent to specified financial institutions to pass particular information such as changes that can be anticipated in the near future. Finally, the policy statements of the MAS give more information on the expectations of the MAS on the financial institutions.The MAS has immense powers to regulate all the financial institutions. Among its powers is the power to approve financial institutions and to control their operations.       The MAS strives so hard to maintain the balance in the regulation matters to avoid over-regulation and under-regulation. Over-regulation hinders the creativity and innovations of the companies. The redress personnels would feel restricted in the way they res pond to the external demands if the MAS monitors the companys every move. On the other hand, if the policy companies were to be left unregulated or under-regulated, the consumers would suffer greatly. This is because the insurance companies would use any heart, whether ethical or unethical to gain an advantage over the competitors at the expense of the consumers. According to the Insurance Act 2002, Cap 142 has several provide that dictate how insurance companies should be created and operated. For instance, it is only a person who has been licenced by the Authority under the Act who can carry out an insurance business in Singapore. This provision ensures that all the insurers are know by the state of Singapore and that there is no chance that a consumer may be conned by a fraudster. According to the Act, anyone who claims to carry out insurance business while unregistered is liable to a venomous offense. The Act also gives guidelines that pertain to how Take-overs should be do ne in the insurance companies. Without proper Take-over procedures, the consumers may suffer. The authority also dictates how shareholding to the insurance companies is done. This way, the rights of the shareholders are maintained and their confidence in the insurance companies to which they have shares is boosted.       The MAS has also issued circulars to the insurance companies to postulate important messages . An example of the circular issued to the insurance companies Chief Executives is that dated 18 November, 2013. It required all the insurers to submit their assets and liability exposures. As already stated, guidelines are another important tool through which the MAS regulates the insurance companies. An example of a guideline that is dated 1st April, 2013. It was a guideline on the use of internal models for liability and capital requirements for life insurance products containing investment guarantees with non-linear payouts. Also, on 17th May 2013, a gui deline outlining the criteria for the registration of an insurance broker was issued. It requires that the applicant be a company among many other requirements. On 6th September 2013, a guideline was issued to all the financial institutions guide them on how to safeguard the ace of Singapores financial system. It categorically stated that MAS would not tolerate the use of the financial system to conduct illegitimate and criminal activities. Therefore, all financial institutions were required to uphold the lawfulness of the financial systems. Notices have also been issued on several occasions by the MAS the insurance companies. An example of the notice is that issued on 29th November 2013 with regard to the unbarred credit facilities to individuals. This notice provided requirements that an insurer has to comply to when granting unsecured credit celerity to an individual.       All the above are illustrations where the MAS has regulatory authority over the insura nce companies. We have seen that it regulates all the go of the operations of insurance companies from establishment to matters of coup and mergers. It is imperative that such a state body like the MAS should have control over financial institutions. The MAS is known to enhance open operations in the financial institutions in order to promote competitiveness and animation of innovations. This way, the MAS fulfills our argument that financial institutions should not be over-regulated. On the other hand, the MAS ensures that transparency,accountability and integrity principles are upheld in the operations of these financial institutions. It ensures transparency because the consumers wish to know what kind of services they are about to purchase from a financial institution. Again, these financial institutions are to be held accountable for their operations when they lead to overconfident or negative results. As already mentioned, all the financial institutions are supposed to upho ld the principle of integrity by not carrying out their operations to advance criminal and illegitimate activities. In this manner, the MAS is fulfilling our argument that financial institutions should not be under-regulated.Part Three       The need to escalate Non-routine and abstruse Matters to a designated officer would not arise if all the officers are in good order expert in dealing with such issues. This statement simply means that escalation of non-routine and complex matters is done because the officer who detects such an issue is not trained adequately to handle it. This also happens when a compliance officer identifies an issue, but then his or her authority is limited to escalating it to a supervisor or manager.       First and foremost, it is important to know which are these non-routine and complex issues that can arise in matters of compliance. According to the Financial Industry Competency Standards for Compliance, the following issu es constitute non-routine and complex matters. They include issues such as well-read breaches of regulations, guidelines and policies insider dealing misconduct misrepresentation sign-off new product sign-off advertising and promotional materials by the insurance institution among others. These are issues that are not covered by the animated policies on how they should be handled in case they happen.       A compliance officer has no power to reprimand an employee. He or she has no power to fire an employee on the grounds of misconduct. If this is the case then, issues such as intentional breaches of regulations, guidelines and policies need someone who can resolve them so fast to avert any compliance crisis. The power to deal with the complex and non-routine matters is in the hands of the supervisors and the executives of any firm. The compliance officer is left with an option to escalate such matters whenever they arise. This process of escalation takes time bec ause the compliance officer has to document all the steps obscure as well as the action taken by the appropriate person to whom the matter has been reported starting with the head of compliance department.       There are certain things that can be done to vest compliance officers to be able to deal with these non-routine and complex matters. First, these compliance officers need proper training to make them aware of possibilities of occurrence of such matters. Moreover,they need to be equipped with adequate skills to cope with such issues when they occur in order for them totake appropriate and rational steps. Although they may not be given powers to demote or fire a disobedient employee, they can be given a means through which they can address such matters to the board as a matter of urgency. In addition,when these compliance officers are trained adequately and are competent, supervisors may delegate some functions to them. such functions may include the power t o demote and to fire misbehaving employees. However, it is the responsibility of these supervisors to conduct a follow-up and review to ensure that the delegated functions are performed properly. Most important is the fact that the supervisor remains responsible for such delegated activities.       In short, if the compliance officers are adequately trained so that they can adequately handle the non-routine and complex matters, the wastage of time in averting possible compliance crisis would not occur. This wastage of time occurs especially if the supervisors dont take the necessary action to handle such issues. This requires that the matter should be escalated to the board of directors. Before the board sits to discuss the issue, it may be too late to avert the crisis and equal damage would already have occurred. Moreover, the process of escalation is very lengthy. It starts with the Head of Compliance. A complete brief need to be prepared explaining the issue and giving any relevant background information and the impact or the implications for the involved business unit, the personnel and the entire organization. Where possible, possible recommendations and alternative courses of action should be provided and their possible implications. All these steps cause unnecessary delays at could be detrimental to the organization in the long run. Therefore, training compliance officers as well as empowering them can help save the reputation of the firm in time. In addition, this could also help save an imminent catch on of the firm like in cases when employees decide to disregard the set regulations in the operations.ReferencesScanlan, A. and Purdon, C. 2006. Compliance Program Management for Financial Services Institutions in forthwiths Environment. Bus. Law., 62 p. 735.MAS Annual Report 2011/20 (www.msa.gov.sg)Source document

Friendship in the West & Friendship in Islam Essay

It is natural for tidy sum to form acquaintances with opposites whom they interact with on a regular footing. Friendships send away be formed through growth up in the same neighbourhood, meeting at school, college, university, social gatherings and via a number of other activities.Friendship is more than or lessthing common amongst people, however there be different c erstptions of it. Some common conceptions include the pas time lifters go bug proscribed ever so stick by your side, you can always rely on a friend, you can speak freely to your friend and tell them your problems, friends same(p) you for who you argon, etc. When people cipher personal problems such as disputes with their family members or if they occupy advice they usu comp allowelyy turn to their friends.Friendship in the WestFriendship in the West is based on benefit. Friends come together on the basis of mutual inte liberalisation, so they entrust go to the cinema, parties and clubbing together. They talk just ab come to the fore the opposite finish freely to individually other and hide severally others secrets dis piecetle if they involve evil actions. They often gain comfort in backbiting and winging about other people who they dont like. Unfortunately roughly genus genus Moslems hunt the westerly nonion of friendship as they follow the gathering or else than to looking at to Islam for solutions.Due to the particular that friendship is based on benefit in the West, it is easy for people to fault out with each other, dumbfound rows and eve become enemies. This happens when their interests conflict and can be everywhere petty things such as non going for a wickedness out with them or larger things such as betrayal. In more cases people even talk negatively about slightly of their friends in front of others and even betray them by having affairs with their wife, sisters or girlfriend.Friends even become status symbols, so people long to hang out with a particular crowd to look cool. Often crowds have leadership with egos, so staying on the right side of indisputable people is all important(p) if you want to be accepted. For some this totality and soul sucking up to them, for others it marrow undertaking actions to make them think youre cool.Friendship in the West is based on using each other. The proof of this can be seen in the fact that when friends became unusable they drift apart. Typically, if psyches friend was to suddenly change and stop clubbing, partying and drooling over the opposite sex at every opportunity they would start treating them differently and normally break out with them.Especially if this person begins to account them when they argon wrong and hint them upon their actions repeatedly. As an ex ample if some ane begins to practise Islam and stops committing Haram and advises his friends to do the same. Those with the Western concept of friendship would change their attitude towarfargonds them and they would be distanced and nevertheless on occasion spoken to. The campaign for this is that it there is no more benefit in their eyes to keep a close relationship with them, in fact it completely contradicts their lust for pleasure as when the person speaks about Islam it is seen as an attack on their lifestyle.Friendship in Western societies is normally trumped-up(prenominal) as the society is founded on greed, individualism and following lusts. Friendship in Islam is true as it is based on sincerity, trust and Taqwa (piety).Friendship in IslamIslam recognises that a Muslim willing naturally spend more meter with certain people and be more comfortable with them in face lifting their personal problems and issues. This does non recollect in any way that the rest of the Muslims atomic number 18 non their blood familiars and sisters whom they passionest, rather all that it federal agency that they will be closer to certain people than others just as people be usually cl oser to their family than others.Islam recognises that friends have a strong influence on people and that their environment will affect the strength of their relationship with Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala). The vaticinator (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,A person follows the Deen (way of life) of his close friend hence let each of you look carefully at whom he chooses for friends TirmidhiA Muslim should choose friends that will advise him and remind him of Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala) rather than lure him to the path of Shaytan. It has also been narrated that our friends in the Dunya (world) will be our friends in the Akhira (afterlife). It is therefore vital for a Muslim to choose nigh(a) friends.The slam mingled with two Muslim friends is such that they would confide in each other, help each other in times of choose and streng therefore each others commitment to the Deen of Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala). The vaticinator (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) encouraged for Muslims who h ave cacoethes for each other not to keep it to themselves.It has been narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Adaabul-Mufrad (no. 191) that Allahs Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,If ace of you fucks his brother for Allahs sake, then let him tell him since it causes familiarity to endure and firmly establishes love.Abu Huraira narrated that the prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,You will not enter Paradise until you believe, and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not guide you to something which if you carry out you will love one another. Spread as-Salaam amongst yourselves. MuslimFriendship in Islam is not based on using each other on the contrary, helping each other to stay away from the Haram is fundamental to it. How could someone watch his brother burn without doing anything to save him? A person who did that would be ones worst enemy rather than a friend. and so Muslims always check and advise each other. The visionary (SallAllahu alaihi wasa llam) said,Each of you is the mirror of his brother, so if he sees any fault in him he should wipe it away from him. TirmidhiThis means the purpose of confiding secrets to each other wouldnt be as in the Western value where people confide their secrets to feel sizeable knowing that they will not be a comeback. Rather in Islam we confide our secrets to our friends to seek their sincere advice and help. So a Muslim will ask his friends about issues relating to marriage, problems within his family, troubles he feels at work or fears that he has.Friendship has rules in Islam unlike in the West to chew up them especially when they are ill, to inquire about their family, feeding them when they are hungry, aid to their contends, keeping their private affairs to yourself and sharing your wealth with them without hesitation. It is related that Ibn Umar (ra) was looking about from right to left in the presence of the visionary (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam), who asked the reason for doing so. Ibn Umar replied, There is someone dear to me and I am searching for him, exactly do not see him. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) then said,Umar bin Al-Khattab (ra) said, Encountering your brothers lifts all grief. If Allah blesses you with proficient relations with another Muslim, hold fast to it.Rule of friendship with non-MuslimsAs Muslims living in the West we interact with non-Muslims on a daily basis whether at work, University, college or in society at large. It is incorrect for us to cut ourselves completely from them and live in isolation. We should conception at building relationships with them in send to give them Dawa to embrace Islam. Therefore we should have them as acquaintances, however this does not mean that we are allowed to have them as close friends, as Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala) saysO you who believe, bow out not into intimacy those outside your ranks they will not fail to corrupt you. TMQ Al-Imran 118Not taking them as close friends means t hat you dont percent with them your innermost thoughts and feelings. For no matter how intumesce you know them, they reject Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala) and His Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam). The bond of Iman is even stronger than that of kinship. An example of this can be seen after the great battle of Badr, the Quraysh prisoners of war were bought to the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) who assigned them to the custody of individual Muslims. The Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, Treat them closely. Amongst the prisoners was Abu Aziz ibn U mayr, the brother of Musab ibn Umayr (ra).Abu Aziz narrates what happened, I was among a group of AnsaarWhenever they had lunch or dinner they would give me bread and dates to eat in obedience to the Prophets instruction to them to treat us well. My brother, Musab ibn Umayr, passed by me and said to the man belongings me prisoner, Tie him firmly His mother (i.e. Musabs own mother) is a woman of great wealth and maybe s he would ransom him for you. Abu Aziz ibn Umayr could not believe his ears. Astonished, he turned to Musab and asked My brother, is this your instruction concerning me? Musab ibn Umayr (ra) replied, He is my brother, not you pointing to the Ansaari Sahabi holding him, affirming that in the battle in the midst of the Haq and the Batil, the bonds of Iman are stronger than the ties of kinship.Prohibition of backbiting, slander, look up to, jealousy & grudgesThe relationship of friendship is one of trust as a penny-pinching Muslim is trustworthy and not deceitful, betraying or a vilifyr. In truth this makes the love between friends in Islam stronger than friendship according to Western values as there is no constant thinking about whether your friend is speaking ill of you to other people or whether they are having a hidden relationship with your sister or wife.Islam has prohibited backbiting and slander and and then removing the cause of suspicion and doubt amongst people. All ah (Subhanahu wa taaala) saysNeither backbite one another. Would one of you love to eat the flesh of his dead brother. You anathemise that (so abhor the other) And keep your duty to Allah. Lo Allah is Relenting, Merciful. Al-Hujarat 12It is narrated by Abu Dawud on the authority of genus genus Anas (RA), the Messenger of Allah saidOn the night of Isra I passed by some people who had copper nails and they were clawing their faces and chests with them. I asked Jibriel Who are these persons? He said These are the people who eat the flesh of human beings and disgrace them.Islam also forbids envy and jealousy which are the common causes of problems amongst friends in Western societies. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,Do not have malice against a Muslim do not be envious of other Muslims do not go against a Muslim and forsake him. O the slaves of Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala) Be like brothers with each other. It is not violable for a Muslim to desert his brother for over thre e days. Sahih Muslim, TirmithiBelittling each other is more or less a pastime in the West. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,The believer can do no worse than belittle his brother. Iyah Uloom ad DeenA Muslim should not hold grudges against another Muslim even if they are differing personalities. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) warned against this when he said,The gates of Paradise will be open on Mondays and on Thursdays, and every servant of Allah who associates nothing with Allah will be forgiven, pretermit for the man who has a grudge against his brother. About them it will be said storage area these two until they are conciliate delay these two until they are reconciled delay these two until they are reconciled. MuslimFriends should feel at exempt with each other without feeling inferior or superior. Egos must be tamed according to Islam. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, A man is on a par with the Deen of his friend and there is no good in the fellowship of one who does not regard you as highly as himself. Iyah Uloom ad DeenConcealing faultsIt is important to conceal a friends faults, this does not mean that we ignore them it means that we advise them and help them overcome their shortcomings.Uqbah ibn amir narrated that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,He who sees something which should be kept hidden and conceals it, it will be like the one who has brought to life a girl buried alive(predicate) Hadith 2292 Abu DawudAbu Hurayrah narrated that Allahs Apostle (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,He who conceals (the faults) of a Muslim, Allah would conceal his faults in the world and in the Hereafter. Allah is at the back of a servant so long as the servant is at the back of his brother. Hadith 1245 MuslimGenerosity & Kindness communion wealth with others is greatly encouraged in Islam. This encourages trust and closeness amongst people. It is sometimes difficult for Muslims to grasp this principle espec ially when they are affected by Western society which promotes greed and selfishness. Giving someone something without expecting anything in degenerate is uncommon in the West even amongst friends. When the non-Muslims give each other presents such as on Birthdays, Christmas, New Years or when someone leaves the work place it is done more out of tradition and knowing that they will get something in return rather than sincerity.Imam Bukhari narrated that our beloved Messenger Muhammad (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) saidNone amongst you believes (truly) till one likes for his brother, that which he loves for his himself.Examples of this perspective towards others can be clearly seen in the confreres of the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam).It is transmitted by Imam Ahmad, in Al-Bidayah, volume 3, page 228 that Anas (ra) narrated, When Abdur-Rahman ibn Auf (ra) immigrated to Medina, the Messenger of Allah (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) established brotherhood between him and Sad ibn A l-Ansari (ra). Afterwards Sad said to Abdur-Rahman ibn Auf, O my brother I am a monied person of Medina. Look Here is half of my wealth, take it I have 2 wives. I will divorce one of them whom you like more so that you may marry her. Abdur-Rahman ibn Auf replied, May Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala) thrive your family and wealth, just show me the way to the market so that I may make my fortune with my own hands.The Ansaar of Medina were extremely generous to their brothers, the Muhajireen from Makkah. Abu Hurairah (ra) inform that they once approached the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) with the request that their orchards of palm trees should be distributed equally between the Muslims of Medina and the Muslims of Makkah. just the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) was reluctant to put this heavy burden upon them. It was, however, decided that the Muhajireen would work in the orchards along with the Ansaar and the yield would be divided equally amongst them.Friends should have informality with each other so that they are not hesitant in asking for anything when in need. This can be seen from the example of the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) and his dear friend Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) had stayed at his house when after arriving into Madina whilst he was waiting for the mosque to be built. The Prophet stayed in Abu Ayyubs house for nigh seven months until his mosque was completed on the open space where his camel had stopped. He then moved to the roots which were built around the mosque for himself and his family. He thus became a neighbour of his friend Abu Ayyub.Abu Ayyub continue to love the Prophet with all his heart and the Prophet also loved him dearly. There was no formality between them. The Prophet continued to regard Abu Ayyubs house as his own. The following anecdote tells a great deal about the relationship between them. Abu Bakr (ra) once left his house in the burning heat of the noonday sun and w ent to the mosque. Umar (ra) saw him and asked, Abu Bakr, what has brought you out at this hour? Abu Bakr said he had left his house because he was terribly hungry and Umar said that he had left his house for the same reason. The Prophet came up to them and asked What has brought the two of you out at this hour? They told him and he said, By Him in Whose hands is my soul, besides hunger has caused me to come out also. But come with me.They went to the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. His wife opened the door and said, receive to the Prophet and whoever is with him.Where is Abu Ayyub? asked the Prophet. Abu Ayyub, who was working in a nearby palm grove, heard the Prophets voice and came hurriedly. Welcome to the Prophet and whoever is with him, he said and went on O Prophet of God, this is not the time that you usually come. (Abu Ayyub used to keep some food for the Prophet every day. When the Prophet did not come for it by a certain time, Abu Ayyub would give it to his family). You ar e right, the Prophet agreed. Abu Ayyub went out and cut a pack of dates in which there were matured and half aged dates.I did not want you to eat this, said the Prophet. Could you not have brought only the ripe dates? O Rasulullah, please eat from both the ripe dates (rutb) and the half ripe (busr). I shall slaughter an animal for you also.. If you are going to, then do not kill one that gives milk, cautioned the Prophet. Abu Ayyub killed a young goat, cooked half and barbecued the other half. He also asked his wife to bake, because she baked better he said. When the food was ready, it was placed before the Prophet and his two companions. The Prophet took a piece of meat and placed it in a loaf and said, Abu Ayyub, take this to Fatima. She has not tasted the like of this for days. When they had eaten and were satisfied, the Prophet said reflectively refined sugar and meat and busr and rutb Tears began to flow from his eyes as he continuedThis is a bountiful blessing about which you will be asked on the Day of judgment. If such comes your way, put your hands to it and say, Bismillah (In the name of God) and when you have destroyed say, Al hamdu lillah alladhee huwa ashbana wa anama alayna (Praise be to God Who has given us sufficiency and Who has shellowed his bounty on us). This is best. Iyah Uloom ad DeenIn putting others first, the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) exhibit for us excellent examples. He (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) once entered a thicket with one of his companions and gathered two toothpicks, one of them crooked and the other unfeigned. He gave the smashing one to his companion, who said, O Messenger of Allah, you are more entitled to the straight one than I The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) replied, When a friend accompanies a friend, if only for one hour of the day, he will be asked to account for his companionship, whether he fulfilled his duty to Allah therein or whether he neglected it. Iyah Uloom ad DeenOn another occ asion the Messenger of Allah (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) went out to a well in order to wash. Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman took a robe and stood screening the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) whilst he washed. Then Hudhayfa (ra) sat down to wash himself and Muhammad (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) took the robe and screened Hudhayfa (ra) from view. Hudhayfa objected saying, My father be your ransom, and my mother too O Messenger of Allah, do not do it Yet he (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) insisted on holding the robe and said, Each time two people are in company together, the dearer to Allah is he who is kinder to his companion Ihya Uloom ad DeenThe Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) also said, The companions whom Allah considers best are those who are best to their companions. Ahmad & TirmidhiGiving of gifts has also been recommended by the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) and he explained that it creates love between people.It was report by al-Bukhari in al-Adaabul-Mufrad (no. 5 94) that Rasool-Allah (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) saidGive gifts and you will love one another.Kindness to our friends, helping them in need and consoling them in times of grief should become natural for us for everyone needs help, a shoulder to cry on and someone to share their joy.Ali ibn Abi Talib (ra) said, Pay attention to your brothers for they are your provision in this life and in the hereafter. Do you not listen to the cry of the people of the fire?So we have no one to intercede for us nor any dear friend Ash-Shuaraa 100-101Loving someone for the sake of AllahIn the West people love each other for the sake of material benefits whereas in Islam we are encouraged to love each other for the sake of Allah. This means that we would try actions with regards to each other that even contradict our personal interests in order aid a friend or further our relationship with them.It was reported by Muslim on the authority of Abu Hurairah (ra) that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasall am) saidA man went to visit a brother of his in another townsfolk and Allah deputed an angel to await him on his way, so when he came to him he said, Where are you going? He replied, I am going to visit a brother of mine in this town. He said, Have you done him some favour which you desire to be returned? He said, No, it is just that I love him for Allah, the Mighty and Magnificent. He said, Then I am a messenger sent by Allah to you (to inform you) that Allah loves you as you have loved him for Allahs sake.The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) also said,Whoever would like to taste the sweetness of Iman (belief) then let him love a person only for Allahs sake AhmadIt was reported by Abu Dawud that Umar ibn al-Khattab narrated that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said,Indeed from the servants of Allah there are some who are not Prophets, yet they will be envied by the Prophets and the martyrs. It was asked, Who are they? That we may love them. He (SallAllahu alaihi wasa llam) said, They are people who have mutual love through light from Allah, not due to kinship or ancestry, their faces will be enlightened, upon pillars of light, they will not fear when the people fear, or regret when the people grieve.Then he (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) recitedNo doubt Verily, on the friends of Allah there is no fear nor shall they grieve TMQ 10 62In conclusion, it should be apparent that we cant live in isolation and contract company. Friendship provides a natural support structure the Muslim community. Therefore we should ensure that the company we keep helps us in remembering Allah (Subhanahu wa taaala) and strengthens our commitment to Islam. This is more important for us living in the West as the corrupt society continuously bombards us with its bad culture and attempts to catch us in its net.

Busn311 Unit 2 Ip

Unit 2 fortune and Distributions Leah Lopez Ameri stern InterContinental University Abstract Within this email, I go forth crosscut different probabilities within your attach to. This culture bathroom help you to actualize whether or not your employees be satisfied with their jobs or not. Also within the results of this survey, you will find that your employees argon not distributed equally in terms of sexuality. memorandum To AIU From Leah Lopez Date November 13, 2012 Subject Survey of employees at American intellectual summation Dear AIU Within this email, I will be providing some entropy from a survey that was given to your employees.This information can help you to understand how satisfied your workers are with their jobs. This will also help you to understand whether or not you should hire to a greater extent(prenominal) women and men to even out the gender amongst certain de distinguishments. Overview of the info Set The current information set is comprised of 64 individualists who were surveyed, and this is a part of the sample of the population at American Intellectual Union, and these individuals were identified by 5 characteristics gender, bestride, position (hourly or salaried), tenure, and how they felt near job satisfaction on a scale of 1 to seven.The soft variables include gender, incision, and position. The quantitative variables include age, tenure, and job satisfaction. Use of Statistics and Probability in the Real World There are several different shipway that statistics and probability could be apply in the real world. You could intoxicate this used in the horse races, the lottery, certain things in the stock market, also in marketing in a corporation. The valuate of Statistics Every corporation that is boffo polish offs statistics.It does not matter if they are operating a small weight store or they are a member of a jump on for a huge pipeline, almost every decision made by a corporation is based on statisti cs. Averages, means and medians are a part of a businesss everyday life. Whether it is a chart, a data set, a correlation, or a bias, there is some signifier of tool that will make sure your company is successful (Ayres, 2009). Data sets are one of the easiest statistical devices for businesses and one that you will probably exhaust daily without realizing it.When a person is reading everyplace his/her banking concern statements, and victorious care of daily business, they are more than likely going over a data set. When you pick up the morning paper and come across at how your companys stock is performing, you are looking at figures gleaned from a data set. When using the words average, mean or deviation, youre describing statistical tools that are currently being exhausted in your business (Ayres, 2009). Charts arent just a pretty picture of an aspect of your business they are a optic re compriseation of a data set.Whether you are looking at a bar chart of sales or a pie cha rt of company profits, these snapshots can tell you where your business is performing well and where it is performing poorly. From bank balances to employee compensation, charts and graphs can give you a visual picture of any part of your company which deals with data (Ayres, 2009). Correlations are where one consequence causes another. For example, you may differentiate that customers who buy a certain type of product are more likely to purchase another type of product.However, just because you think one event is causing another doesnt necessarily make it align it could be a coincidence. Correlation analysis allows you to figure out whether one event is causative or not. A knowledge of correlations can be priceless in planning sales and marketing campaigns (Ayres, 2009). Every business uses or produces some kind of statement or resolution however, these may not always come out to be reliable. Errors may be present in the data collection, different sources do not always ca-ca th e same information and there also could be mistakes in he calculations. Bias is when statistical results are different from the real &8212 or true &8212 value. A knowledge of bias will help you to understand which results are worth using for your business (Ayres, 2009). Distributions A dispersal table can keep all of this information (numbers, row data) handy. A person can look, and say, oh, the participants in this survey were 75% male, or 25 % female. The managers can see the information and not just the raw data.Then complete the following distribution tables. revel pay attention to whether you should present the results in terms of percentages or simple counts. Distribution of Individuals by Gender Gender Percentage Females 50% Males 50% Tenure with Company Distribution by Gender Please note that you do NOT present to convert these into percentages. You may distribute them in a count format. Under 2 years 2-5 age Over 5 years Male 8 11 13 Female 10 3 19 Perc entage of the Survey Participants in separately Department Department Percentage Information Technology 34% Human Resources 25% Administration 41% Sample Mean for foreign Value by Gender Gender Mean Extrinsic Value Male 5. 32 Female 5. 36 Probabilities The probabilities that will be work out here are that an individual will be between the ages of 16-21 that an individuals overall job satisfaction will be 5. 2 or higher females working in human resources and an individuals intrinsic satisfaction is 5 or more.This information will be useful to AIU because they can look at these probabilities and find out what they command to change to increase job satisfaction, and they can also see whether or not they have an equal amount of females and males working in individually department. Classification Count Probability Probability that an individual will be between 18 28% 1621 years of age Probability that an individuals overall job 35 55% satisfaction is 5. or lower Prob ability that an individual will be a female 5 8% in the human resources department Probability that an individual will be a 12 19% salaried employee whose intrinsic satisfaction value is 5 or more Probabilities in the Business World The theory of probability is actually the take in of non-planned happenings. This type of study, of course, is math-related, and started when people would try to win card and dice games for money. Each and every decision that is made in a business prospect has some sort of risk involved with it. With this being said, it seems that in the business setting, probability would be used to handle a businesss financial risks.Even the choices that are made by management have a probability of succeeding or (S. , 2010). Conclusion I hope that you have found all of the information within this survey of use. Using the information within this email can help you to improve working conditions for your employees. Sincerely, Leah A. Lopez elderly Board Memb er References Ayres, I. (2009, August 13). The Value of Statistics. Retrieved from Freakonomics http//www. freakonomics. com/2009/08/13/the-value-of-statistics/ S. , E. (2010). How Probability is use in Business. Retrieved from Reference. com http//www. reference. com/motif/science/how-probability-is-used-in-business

A Dissertation Proposal Essay

Chapter One The Problems and Its Comp acentsThe problem to be investigated in this field is instill temper, considering and comparing instructor perceptions of devil the unfeigned and no(prenominal)p atomic military issue 18il psychological surroundings in ternion dis retardent Afri outho white plague Ameri bay window esoteric disciplines. The publications indicates that an render humour with lines of talk that atomic number 18 naturalised at all(a) told levels, staff abandondom, occupational pas m, and voxicipatory decision qualification, among almost other(a) similar situationors, leave alone fade to positive instructor attitudes and improved teacher exercise. The birth amongst teachers perceptions of the actual and specimen psychological rail purlieu has non yet been tested for Afri post Ameri nookie secret indoctrinates. cypher more(prenominal) Ex angstrom unitles of satire in adventures of huckfinn essayProblem BackgroundAs explained b y Beachum and McCray (2004), crop modality has a signifi abidet impact on the attitudes and performance of teachers in that it regularises victor growth and matu symmetryn in faculty member and well-disposed terms, influences the ability to handle cut back pressures, and ultimately fecal matter lead to attrition if the mood is non open and does not scram decent lines of communicating. The break out controls value systems, work pressures, discontinueicipatory decision make, resourcefulness adequacy, growth opportunity, and disciple support all play a part in the overall mode of the give development (Cole-Henderson, 2000). The take aim of this climate is of small impressiveness to the well being, positive attitudes, and superior tuition of the disciplines teachers.The current request to picture e really child with qualified and affiliated teachers in the face of a national teacher presentlyage supports the importance of conducting explore on factors i nfluencing teacher attitudes and stressors in the instruct profession, particularly those that energy take up burnout and turnover. It is besides clear that a healthy take aim climatea trail with a strong shoalman emphasis and a principal who has influence with superiors and is volitioning to economic consumption it on behalf of teachersis contributing(prenominal) to the information of teachers beliefs that they can influence savant erudition and make a difference.It is to a fault clear that work pressures can exert additional stress on a teacher if the aim climate is comprehend in a negative light. Numerous studies (Harris, 1999 Jamal, 1999 Ma & adenylic acid Macmillan, 1999 MacDonald, 1999 Remy, 1999) hold focuse on teacher stress. According to Remy, search has shown that 40% of parvenue teachers leave the profession within 5 old age.These studies to a fault have shown that approximately half of all teachers leave the profession within the first 7 eld because of telephone circuit- associate stress. Because tenet is a stressful occupation (Ma & antiophthalmic factor Macmillan Remy Weiss, 1999), teachers often self-select out of the profession. disciplines must then scramble to replace these teachers. Remaining faculty and the coach district become further strained in the blast to make up for the shortage. Knowledge of how teachers perceive the current naturalise climate and what teachers think the standard environment should be would be of invaluable importance.Theoretical OrientationThe literature re run across entrust focus on both the beliefual material of the convey and the major variables of concern. The conceptual framework allow for be base on ascription and motive possibleness. The major variables of concern be the ideal and actual perceptions of the take climate by teachers. Initially, ascription possibleness was presented as a theoretical process in the late 1970s and plaza 1980s (Frieze, 1976 Weiner, 197 9, 1985, 1986).It provided the framework for examining the responses of teachers to much(prenominal) disciplineman outcomes of pupils as loser or mastery in the general fostering trainroom. Since that time a event of studies have been conducted that provide empirical support of its principles. According to Graham (1990 1991), both ability and reason have been identified as the major perceived causes of individual teacher failure or success. In other words, failure can be overcome by effort, tour success comes slightly as a solving of personal competence. instructor ability is comprised of adroitness and learned skills in an pedantic context. Effort, on the other hand, is the amount of performance utilise to a teaching situation. ascription can be applied in situations in which teachers try to understand their own behavior. It can likewise be applied when teachers try to assess the classroom performance of students in coif to increase their teaching success (Gr aham, 1990, 1991).When teachers expectations be not met, the instructors may resort to any number of actions. They may often be late(a) or absent. In fact, attrition is often the end guide. The individuals may too withdraw from teaching psychologicallythat is, not concentrate, do no more than absolutely necessary, and have no engross or initiative. As a result, the quality of teaching in general may suffer.Vroom (1964) utter that motif is a product of the judge worth that individuals place on a goal and the chances they feel of achieving that goal. According to Vroom, three factors influence movement disembowel, valence, and expectancy. Force equals valence times expectancy. Force is the readiness of the teachers pauperism while valence is the anticipated satisfaction from the result. Expectancy is the luck of achieving the outcome. The impact of force depends on both valence and expectancy. For ex adenosine monophosphatele, if teachers show indifference in achieving a goal, the valence becomes zero.Specifically in his expectancy theory, Vroom (1964) suggested the following want = Perceived Probability of Success (Expectancy) x Connection of Success and reinforcer (Instrumentality) x Value of Obtaining Goal (Valance, Value).  From this formula it is clear that a luxuriously value for one variables of the formula testament result in a spunky motivation value and vice versa. In Vrooms (1964) view, the three variables must exist for motivation to take place. Thus, when teachers do not think they provide be successful at a lying-in or do not value the results of becoming successful in their rail or do not perceive a connectedness among their attitude and the tutor climate, it is more than likely that they depart not assume themselves to the teaching activity.Organizational theory also relates to the proposed investigative view in terms of communication. According to this theory, restrictive and closed climates with closed lines of communication relate to poor teacher performance (Cole-Henderson, 2000). The train system is an organization, and and then communication theory applies. When lines of communication ar closed teachers do not communicate with administrators or students, and school management does not communicate with teachers other than giving orders from the top down.Communication only flows from the top down. In such a school system, the perceived motivational climate is negative and accomplishment goals suffer (Bennett, 2002). Clearly, when in that location are open lines of communication, there is more interest in teaching and therefrom knowledge has more meaning. This translates into improved acquisition on the part of both the teacher and the student. It is clear to see that school climate has a decided bearing on teachers in a number of several(predicate) ways.Purpose of the StudyThe resolve of the take apart is to measure out teacher perceptions of the climate of three nonparasit ic dreary private schools in kindred to the actual and ideal climate. Thus, the purpose is three-fold1. To rule if teacher perceptions of the actual school climate differs in the midst of and among the three African American private schools accept in the film.2. To determine if the teachers perceptions of the ideal or pet school climate differs amidst and among the three African American private schools taked in the study.3. To determine if there is a cor semblance among teachers who teach at antithetical levels in the three schools included in the study regarding their perceptions of their school climate. look into QuestionsThe major look question can be stated as follows Is the actual school climate of self-sufficient African American private schools adequately meeting the perceptions of its teachers regarding their ideal school climate perceptions? From this question several sub-questions have been formulated. These may now be listed as follows1. Do teacher perceptio ns of the actual school climate differ between and among the three African American private schools included in the study, as determined by signs on the actual environment answer form of the enlighten Level surround Questionnaire (SLEQ)?2. Do teacher perceptions of the ideal or preferred school climate differ between and among the three African American private schools included in the study, as determined by make headway on the ideal or preferred environment answer form of the rail Level environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?3. Is there a significant correlation among the perceptions of teachers employed in the three schools included in the study in terms of their view of their school climate, as determined from both answer forms of the groom Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?4. Do the perceptions of teachers differ for those who teach at different student grade levels, as determined by a comparison of results from the check Level Environment Questionnaire for teachers instr ucting at different levels?Limitations and DelimitationOne limitation of the study relates to the fact that the explore has no control over the teacher participants reliability. It allow be assumed, however, that the teachers will answer the field questionnaire items honestly and to the best of their ability. There is also a certain weakness associated with only the use of a behold questionnaire to obtain selective information for digest. researchers do suggest the use of two or more sourcesthat is, triangulation to produce better support data (Babbie, 2003 Creswell, 2003). With respect to delimitations of the study, the data source of this depicted object will be limited to three in underage bootleg private schools located in an urban city.DefinitionsSeveral cat valium terms and designations are utilise uniquely in the proposed study. These are delineate as follows Independent foreboding(a) private school. This term refers to a school owned by African Americans which is not dependent upon national or local government for financing its ope symmetryn and is instead operated by teaching charges, gifts, and perhaps the investment yield of an endowment (Mahiri, 1998). give lessons climate. This term refers to the school atmosphere. In restrictive and closed schools, authority emanates from the top down with hierarchical levels. Communication is restrictive and closed. In an open school climate, communication progress toes all levels and moves in all directions (Moeller, 2005).School climate perceptions. Teacher views of their school environment will generally influence their motivation to teach, grow headmasterly, recruit in decision making, and handle work pressures. In this study, the term will be operationally defined by scores on the School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?Self-concept. Self-concept is considered the close raw material and crucial components of personality and can be influenced by environment. Self-concept can become positive in an open school climate conversely it can become negative in a closed and restrictive school climate. The proposed study views self concept in this context (Branden, 1999).Staff development. For this enquiry project, this term pertains to any activities that attempt to improve the teachers ability to implement a new instructional program. Staff development includes an emphasis on attitude, competencies, and knowledge that enhances learning (Sykes, 1996).Teachers perceptions. In general, perceptions in the present study pertain to teachers thoughts, beliefs, and feelings slightly professional development training, work pressures, participatory decision making, innovation, staff freedom, student support, professional interest, and affiliation, among other related variables. Their thoughts and beliefs need their teaching approach and presentation. Teachers are ready information processors who affect classroom events as much as they are affected by them (Chance & angstrom Costa, 1998).Importance of the StudyAfrican American students are not doing as well in school as others and this may be related to their teachers (Tatum, 2006). The determinations of this investigative study may provide valuable knowledge astir(predicate) the teachers of these students. Also, other independent schools can use these outcomes to improve their rearingal programs for teachers and improve teacher productivity. In addition, the implications may stop that the professional and development needs of the teachers are met at school. The proposed study will add to the scholarly research.School meliorate and restructuring as it relates to professional development of teachers have gained momentum in the United States for the past 2 decades (Sparks, 1997). important educational reform cannot occur, however, unless(prenominal) teachers are integrally involved in the reform process and unless they have the time and resources to conceptualize the implementation of the changes n eed in their classrooms. But more research is needed to identify the ways in which the school climate can become more open and conducive to these needs. The substance of the proposed study lay in its ability to add to the database in this respect.The significance of the study and its potential results touches a number of areas and addresses several different audiences. As named, the findings will add to the scholarly research. For ex group Ale, understanding factors that influence teacher perceptions of climate in African American private schools can helper reveal the underlying logic that influences their motivation, professional development, and perhaps their fight in the decision making processes.Chapter Two surveil of LiteratureIt is important to note that educational research workers have systematically bring unequal levels of exercise between African American and Caucasian students (Bankston & angstrom Caldas, 1997 Graybill, 1997). pedagogicsal specialists such as Hu rd (2001) refer to the problem faced by African American students, as the motion gap and further point out that in at onces school systems less than 60% of African American naughty school students graduate in 14 years. Joseph (2000) noted that if Caucasian students were move out at the same rates as African American students, we would declare a state of crisis in teaching these students. According to Tyson (2002), it is time to require teachers and administrators to address the problem and to consider issues related to consummation motivation among African American students.According to Baldwin, Coney III, and Thomas (1993), the eleven areas of school effectiveness are effective instructional leadership, clear and focused mission, natural rubber and orderly environment, positive school climate, high expectations, frequent assessment/monitor of student achievement, emphasis on basic skills, maximum opportunities for learning, parent federation involvement, strong professional development, and teacher involvement in decision-making. In these areas of school effectiveness, school climate is one of the most important things wherein it has been subject to all-inclusive research.School climate is a term referring to the personality of a school, concord to Hoy and Miskel (1982). It is a characteristic of a school which includes the schools physical structure of its buildings and the interactions between students and teachers. These are the two factors that both affect and help to define the concept of school climate according to marshall (2004). Les Gallay and Suet-ling Pong (2004), on the other hand, viewed school climate as the part of the school environment associated with attitudinal and affective dimensions and the belief systems of the school that influence childrens cognitive, well-disposed, and psychological development. They also cited Ashby and Krug (1998) and Griffith (2000) on what school climate is a how it affect the society.According to Ashb y and Krug (1998), school climate is reflected in the social interactions within the classroom and within the school community. According to Griffith (2000), values, attitudes, beliefs and communications are subjective matters some(prenominal) an(prenominal) researches rely on the perceptions of the participants (teachers, students, parents) to measure the effect of school climate. For many years and up to the recent days, the concept on school climate influencing importantly in educational outcomes is still being researched by many researchers.Perceptions on school climate influence many people (e.g. students, teachers, parents) which may also influence the processes and outcomes in a physical, social, and learning environment. Research shows that both teacher and student perceptions of school climate influence student achievement. An early study by Fraser (1989) laid the groundwork for this research. Fraser (1989) studied the effects of classroom environment on student achievem ent, for ex group Ale, and found that student outcomes could be improved by creating classroom environments that are conducive to learning. schoolroom environments studied by Fraser (1989) used student perceptual data to assess the school environment and reach conclusions.A number of studies have been conducted since the 1980s showing a relationship between students perceptions of the school climate in various terms and their achievement in one form or another. In 1995, the study of Bulach, Malone, & Castleman on the investigation of variables related to student achievement showed that there is a significant difference in student achievement between schools with dependable school climate and schools with poor school climate.On schools with positive school climate, students develop a positive perception on school climate, making them comfortable with the learning environment they are in. On separate studies conducted by Hirase (2000) and Erpelding (1999) on the relationship betw een school climate and achievement of students, both studies came up with same result that schools with a positive climate had a higher academic achievement as compared to schools with negative climate.Another case presented by Freiberg (1998) showed that the students perceptions are important especially during the transition from one school level to another (e.g. elemental to high school). According to him, attending a new school can be frightening for students which could affect their perceptions on the school climate which could consequently affect their learning outcomes or performance. With that, the research showed that having good or positive school climate will result to an easy transition or adaption to the new school environment and a good performance of students may be easily achieved.This chapter will focused more on the theories and studies related to the teachers perception on school climate in order to have sarcastic views on it. In addition, this chapter will also present and analyze established studies on the influences made by school climate on teachers perceptions and afterward to the effect of having these perceptions to the assessment and approach of the students performance in school.Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of the study is related to attribution, motivational, and organizational climate in terms of lines of communication. According to attribution theory, teachers perceptions of their school teaching becomes will generally influence their achievement motivation and performance development more than the actual quarry of those experiences (Weiner, 1985).School climate is also an important aspect of learning and effective instruction (Freiberg, 1998). When teachers are more empowered, students are able to voice their concerns and learn from the experience. When questions and answers are free flowing, the school climate is open. For example, understanding factors that are influenced by an independent Black school cli mate such as academic achievement can help reveal the underlying logic that influences teacher motivation and performance (Joseph, 2000).Motivation on the part of teachers is an important aspect of effective instruction (Joseph, 2000). Vroom (1964) defined motivation as a product of the anticipated worth that individuals place on a goal and the chances they see of achieving that goal, as mentioned in Chapter 1. According to him, three factors influence achievement force, valence, and expectancy. Force is the strength of the teachers motivation while valence is the anticipated satisfaction from the result. Expectancy is the probability of achieving the outcome. The impact of force depends on both valence and expectancy. In his view, the three variables must exist for motivation to take place.Thus, when teachers do not think they will be successful at a task or do not value the results of becoming successful in their school or do not perceive a connection between their attitude and th e school climate, it is more than likely that they will not apply themselves to the teaching activity. But when teachers are motivated to perform competently in the classroom, they will have more positive attitudes resulting to a positive result to the students. As noted by Banks (2001), school climate can also impact teacher identity. Banks account that, The school climate communicatesthe schools attitudes toward a range of issues and problems (p. 24).School values not in pact with those of its teachers and a lack of communication and perceptions of shared power and control on the part of administration (teachers and principals), may negatively influence teachers attitudes about the school itself and their chances for professional development (Hoy & Woolfolk, 1993). When the climate of the school promotes a harmonical value system that is in agreement school wide of the mark, and when high levels of communication exist, teacher attitudes are more positive. Thus it can be see n, as Karpicke and Murphy (1996) have noted, a positive school climate has a great impact on success of both teachers and students alike, significantly load-bearing(a) achievement on the part of all.Lynn and Hassan (1999) examined pedagogical utilisations and beliefs of African American teachers and students at a private middle school in an affluent African American community. Their investigative study provided a portrait of the school and the students in an attempt to raise the critical consciousness of the students. From their observations and interviews, they found the role of conglutination between the school mission and teacher beliefs and practices was high. Also, there were shared views about the principles taught regarding the development of moral, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of students.According to attribution theory, teachers perceptions of their school climate experiences, whether they be the actual objective of the experience or not, will generally influence their attitudes toward teaching (Weiner, 1985). In other words, teachers try to explain their failure or success by relating (attributing) this to certain school climate characteristics. Weiner (1986) also cerebrate attribution theory to achievement motivation in specific metres. In Weiners view, the first step starts with an outcome realization. Deciding whether or not the outcome is negative or positive represents the second step of this serial process. During the third step, specific information about the outcome is gathered. Next, the search for a cause takes place. This involves a determination as to whether the outcome is the effect of a specific strategy, conscious effort on the part of the student in question (i.e., the doer), or just plain luck. In this way, achievement motivation is explained.McClelland (1985) also linked attribution theory to achievement motivation, but carried the analysis as well as the theoretical orientation a step further. McClelland identified va riables or component parts that comprised achievement motivation and subsequently acknowledged some common characteristics. These included (a) concern for personal achievement over concern for external rewards for success, (b) an ability to set obtainable goals, (c) the trust for performance related feedback as opposed to attitudinal feedback, and (d) consistent thinking about ways in which progress can be made which thus increases their achievement levels.Expectancy theory as related to achievement theory is yet another theoretical orientation of the present investigative research. It should be explained that the emotional feelings of achievement and satisfaction are actually determined by each individual. Teachers decide on the degree to which their learning experiences are fit by comparing them with their own expectations (Whaley & Smyer, 1998). Aspects of learning that fall short of these expectations can cause discontent. Often teachers compare their perceptions of their s chool climate to their perceptions of what it should be. If a teachers subjective evaluation or perception of ratio of school climate inputs to output (e.g., positive attitudes and satisfaction) is lower than the comparison, the teacher is rattling likely to be dissatisfied. Expectations and comparisons of perceived worth, however, are subjective, and often biased or even erroneous.Private SchoolsAs the achievement gap grows larger, African American parents have also lost faith in public school education, especially those who have enrolled their children in private schools (Sander, 1997). This is because of some factors such as racial discrimination of the white teachers and white students to black students, low interest of students to go to school for a reason that they develop low self-conceit in school because of diverse ethnicity, and many other more. Black and snow-clad parents alike believe that attending private schools would rid their children of such problems as bullying , skipping school, high dropout rates, and would give their children a better chance to higher academic achievement.According to depicted object pore for culture Statistics (2008), there are 28, 384 private schools in the United States now with 6.1 million PK-12 students enrolled. Over 25 percentage of the nations schools are private schools and about 11% of all students are enrolled in these private schools. On the other hand, the National Center for program line Statistics, which periodically test the grade 4, 8, and 12 students skills and knowledge employ the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), showed their analysis on the score of students from private and public schools. Based on their results, students in private schools consistently score well as compared to public students.There are many factors that could affect students achievement. Factors may include the type of school the student is enrolled, number of students in a classroom (class size), the effi ciency of the teacher teaching the subject, the students classmates, and many other more including family and social factors that could hinders students achievement (Betts et. al, 2003). However, one of the most influential on students achievement is the way the teacher is teaching the subject and the values he/she taught to the students. With this reason, the teachers perception on their school climate will greatly influenced the way they will teach the students for their perceptions will determine factors that motivates them to teach such as job satisfaction or secured environment. attribution Factors in Terms of School modeA number of attribution factors influencing achievement motivation are identified in the literature and are examined in the research. These include (a) school climate in terms of lines of communication, (b) ally influence, and (c) perceptions of educational experiences. Each has an important influence and is considered to be an important attribution variable influencing achievement motivation. With respect to school climate, perceptions are related to their overall educational experience. Studies have shown that perceptions of school climate affect a wide variety of social and academic success factors, and vice versa. For example, the social environment and climate of the school and the actions within those environments influence students perceptions of their own effort and success in school (Kaufman, 2004).Moeller (2005) found that students perceptions of school climate and their own scent out of responsible behavior are correlated. Studies also found that school climate can be effective in many ways. Researchers found school climate positively affect academic performance/achievement. They also found that it influences the behaviour of a student and the decision to remain in school (Monrad et al., 2008). Similarly, according to Kuperminc et al. (1997), a positive school climate showed association with few behavioural and emotional pr oblems for students.Smerdons (2002) study, which composed data from a across the nation representative sample of high school students, discovered that students who may need perceived school membership and open school climate the most and may benefit most from it perceived lower levels of membership than did their peers.The cultural environment in schools can also contribute to African American students poor academic performance. Teachers often comment on the fact that these items give them subaltern chance to help African American students in purposeful ways (a) they often can only maintain minimal order in the classroom, (b) school violence is on the increase, (c) with curriculum requirements teachers have little time to help students to fulfill the requirements of the curriculum, and (d) these students become discourage and truly often drop out of school (Hale-Benson, 1996).Voelkll (1995) examined the influence that union and creating a warm school environment would have o n academic achievement. The study included a nationwide sample of 13,121 eighth graders. The finding showed, that there was a direct relationship between warmth in the classroom environment parent involvement in the school and students willingness to participate. It seems that participation in class has a distinct and crucial influence on the relationship between students perceptions and achievement (p. 112). In addition, on the study conducted on school climate in urban environments by Haynes & arriver (1993) showed that a positive school climate and is conscious of cultural differences can significantly improve academic success or performance among the urban students.Hoy and Woolfolk (1993), on the other hand, assessed teachers perceptions of the school climate as related to organizational health. Specifically, the researchers examined the relationships between two dimensions of teacher energy (general and personal teaching efficacy) and aspects of a healthy school climate as defined in terms of institutional integrity, principal influence, consideration, resource support, morale, and academic emphasis.The sample of the study consisted of 179 teachers from 37 master(a) schools in New Jersey (Hoy & Woolfolk, 1993). A modification of the Organizational Health Inventory was administered to the teachers to obtain the data for analysis. The researchers cogitate from their data analysis that a healthy school climate (strong academic emphasis and a principal who was able to influence superiors on behalf of teachers) was well-disposed to the development of teachers beliefs that they could influence student learning, Thus, teachers confidence that they can reach students was back up by organizational factors that help teachers manage and teach students (p. 355).Studies have shown that a positive school climate is associated with change magnitude job satisfaction for teachers (Taylor and Tashakkori, 1995 Ma & MacMillan, 1999), level of work efficacy, a nd teacher autonomy. Teachers found satisfied in their jobs have more positive views or perception about school climate as compared to those teachers who were not satisfied (Bahamonde-Gunnell, 2000). While on the research conducted by Hirase (2000), the researcher found out that teachers working in a school with positive school climate have greater guts of work-efficacy.The research conducted by Erpelding (1999) found that there is a strong relationship between teacher autonomy and school climate. Same with the studies of Bempah et al. (1994) and Rosenholz (1989), when teachers feel that they have some power or autonomy and also involves into school-level decision-making, they are less likely to leave. Consequently, when teachers feel powerless and alienated, their efficiency to teach lowers (Ashton & Webb, 1986). With an increased in job satisfaction, work-efficacy, and teacher autonomy, teachers will be able to discipline the students with quality education, thus, increasing the students performance or success in learning and making the school successful too. To support this favourable development of teachers in positive school climate which can lead to successful school, studies also found that a having a positive school climate is related to indicators of school success such as standardized test scores (Monrad et al., 2008).Chapter Three MethodologyPrevious chapters introduced the problem of the study, explained the purpose, provided the theoretical orientation, and rounded the literature pertinent to the major variables. The purpose of this chapter is to detail the methodology that will be employed to collect and analyze the data. Thus, this chapter presents the design, procedures, and analysis plan for carrying out the study.Research externalizeThe method for this study is establish on a non-experimental design that focuses on the use of data collected using scores from the SLEQ in a selected population. Thus, the research approach of the study w ill be descriptive and will essentially represent a decimal study. Research provides us with a variety of perspectives from which to see things and a way of empirically analyzing our findings (Rinaldo, 2005). It enables use to see from where we have come, provides us with a description of where we are now, and gives us some semblance of the direction in which we seem headed (Rinaldo). Quantitative and soft research is vital part of any investigation.Quantitative research is defined as the collection of numerical and statistical data (ONeil, 2006). Quantitative research is often used to investigate research questions. This research often starts with the collection of statistics, based on data, observations, or abide bys. One popular quantitative technique is the survey. Surveys can be administered by telephone, face to face, mail, or more recently by the Internet. Quantitative data is described by ONeil as data which can be sorted, classified, measured in a strictly objective wa y. The relationship between these variables is expressed using effect statistics, such as correlations, relative frequencies, or differences between means (Hopkins, 2000).The researcher is a very valuable component throughout the collection of data. According to Glesne and Peshkin (1992), when conducting a quantitative study, the researcher is described as being detached, impartial, objective, and portrayal. The researchers purpose is to generalize, predict, and provide causal explanations. There are several approaches the research can use. Some approaches are subject to hypothesis, theories, manipulation and control, experimentation, deductive, and component analysis (Glesne & Peshkin).According to Hopkins (2000), in a descriptive study, subjects are usually measured once and no attempt is made to change behavior or conditions things are measured as they are. Hopkins stated that the aim in quantitative research is to distinguish the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in a population.Selection of ParticipantsBabbie (2003) indicated that it is appropriate for a researcher to conduct purposeful sampling because of the researchers knowledge of the population, its elements, and the temper of the research objectives. In addition, Babbie (2003) suggested that a researcher may want to study a small subset of a larger population in which members of the subset are easily identified.It is for this reason that three African American private schools in one urban area in the United States were selected for inclusion in the study. These will be named A, B, and C to ensure anonymity. Together, the study population kernel will be 67 teachers instructing preschool through twelfth grade. either will become the target population. Those who agree to participate in the study will become the sample. Their responses will provide data regarding their perception of the climate in their school, both actual and ideal.School A focuses on educat ing students ages 2-12 and strengthening basic educational components to prepare students to be competitive in a globular society. The co-educational school enrolls 121 students in grades prekindergarten to fifth grade and employs 20 teachers. The student to teacher ratio is 9.31. All of the students are African American.School B is a Christian school. The co-educational school enrolls 220 students in grades prekindergarten to twelfth grade and employs 26 teachers. The student to teacher ratio is 7.81. Ninety-eight percent of the students are African American.School C has built its program around the concept currently cognise as African-Centered education, a holistic approach based upon the premise that children outperform academically and intellectually when the curriculum, teaching methodology, and environment reflect the builders of yesterday and the ideas of the future. The co-educational school enrolls 215 students in grades prekindergarten to eighth grade and employs 21 tea chers. The student to teacher ratio is 101. Ninety-eight percent of the students are African American.Instrumentation info used in the proposed study to analyze the perceptions of teachers will be collected through administration of a test instrument, the School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ), as developed by Fisher and Fraser (1990) and published in the vade mecum of Tests and Measurement in Education and the kindly Sciences (2000). The SLEQ is comprised of 56 items that measure teachers perceptions of the psychological environment of a school. As explained by the originators, the SLEQ consists of two answer formsone that measures the actual environment as perceived by teachers and the second that measures the ideal or preferred school environment.Three different teacher samples assisted in the development of the test instrument (Fraser, 1989). important coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.81 were provided as an estimate of the internal consistency of each of the eight s ubscales. These subscales include student support, affiliation, professional interest, staff freedom, participatory decision making, innovation, research adequacy, and work pressure. Each subscale consists of seven items which, when added together, provide a separate score. The scale development for the SLEQ was haild from the Work Environment Scale (Fraser, 1989).It is divided into three basic dimensions. These include relationship, personal development, and system maintenance and system change dimensions. As reported by Fisher and Fraser (1990), these broad dimensions were used for the development of the SLEQ. Non-participatory decision making (suggesting a closed school climate) is indicated, for example, by such items as I have little say in the running of the school and It is very difficult to change anything in this school. Resource inadequacy is indicated by responses to such items as, Tape recorders and cassettes are seldom available when needed and The supply of equipment and resources is inadequate.AssumptionsIt will be assumed that all study subjects will answer the survey questions honestly and to the best of their ability. It is also assumed that the students in the three schools where their teachers are being surveyed will be representative of the larger population of African American students attending an independent Black private school.ProceduresData will be collected by the researcher from the teachers at each school at a time selected by the administrators and researcher. The purpose of the study will be presented to the teachers and the questionnaires will be distributed. The researcher will remain until the teachers have terminate the questionnaires and will collect the completed forms before leaving the meeting. Those teachers who agree to participate and return completed survey forms will become the sample. All respondents will be asked not to sign their name. In this way this researcher can assure anonymity. Those who wish a copy of t he results when the study is completed will be asked to provide an e-mail address to be used for this purpose only.Data Processing and AnalysisData collected from survey questionnaires will be assessed to determine whether teachers perceptions of their actual school climate are similar to their perceived ideal school climate. The perceptions will be compared. Teachers view of the ideal and actual psychological environment will also be compared across the three African American private schools included in the proposed study. Findings from the analysis of data will be reported as descriptive statistics. These include standard deviations, percentages, mean averages, and others of a similar nature. From this information, implications and conclusions will derive from the teacher perceptions. Findings from schools will be compared to each other and to those in the literature.References*Anderman, E. M., & Maehr, M. L. (1994). 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