Bajaj Project Report

A REPORT ON â€Å"Study of Marketing Research On Bajaj Bike† A detailed study done in Bajaj Auto Ltd. Under the guidance of Dr. N. MAHESH A Project Report On â€Å"Study of Marketing Research On Bajaj Bike† A detailed study done in Bajaj Auto Ltd. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree of Master of Management Studies (MMS) under university of Mumbai. Submitted By Mr. Sagar Dhoble Roll No: 3003 Batch: 2010-2012 Under the guidance of Dr. N. Mahesh A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Management Studies and Research, Sector 4, Plot 17, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai – 410210 Contact No: 022-2774 5722 / 2786 3644 Fax: 91-22-2774 5732 E-mail: [email  protected] org Web Site: http://www. acpce. org College Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Sagar Dhoble student of final year of Master of Management Studies has prepared a project titled â€Å"Study of Marketing Research On Bajaj Bike† at Bajaj Auto Ltd. as a partial fulfillment of MMS degree for the academic year 2010-2012, University of Mumbai. Dr. N. Mahesh Dr. D. G. Borse (Head of Department) (Director) Guide Certificate This is to certify that this project entitled â€Å"Study of Marketing Research On Bajaj Bike† at Bajaj Auto Ltd. is based on an original work study conducted by Mr. Sagar Dhoble under my guidance. This has not formed a basis for the award of any Degree or Diploma by this university or any other university. Place: Date: Dr. N. Mahesh (Head of Department) Preface In today’s competitive world the practical study forms an important part in each and every professional course. MBA  is a course in which the theoretical knowledge is backed by the practical study. That study is in the form of project. The Summer Training Project is one of the important parts of the curriculum and each and every student has to work for the project. The summer project enables the students to know more about the application of theoretical knowledge. The current situation of the market is made known to the students when they undertake the project. The project gives better insides into the application part of the theory. The companies in an industry and their operations can be better known by the students when they analyze the data, and prepare the grand project. This project is on the Study of Consumer Buying Behaviour at Time to Purchase Bajaj Bike. I have analyzed the industry very deeply and carefully project. One can know about the current scenario of the Indian Two wheeler industry in India. This project enables the reader to have a look at the position of the Two Wheeler companies of the country. Acknowledgement I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. D. G. Borse, Director, ACPCE, MS & R for his invaluable guidance in this endeavor. He has been a constant source of inspiration and I sincerely thank him for his suggestions and help to prepare this project. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. Mahesh, HOD, ACPCE, MS & R for his valuable suggestions and for assisting me in the data compilation and analysis which helped me a lot in fine tuning my report. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the opportunity to complete my internship at Bajaj Auto Ltd. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Mr. Tushar Pawar, Senior Analyst, (Bajaj Auto Ltd. my corporate guide, for his kind help and support and his valuable guidance throughout my project. I am thankful to his for providing me with necessary insights and helping me out at every single step. Finally, I would like to thank my family members and friends for their Co-operation, advice and encouragement during the long and arduous task of carrying out the project and prepari ng this project. Sagar Dhoble Declaration I hereby declare that the project entitled â€Å"Study of Marketing Research On Bajaj Bike† at Bajaj Auto Ltd has been prepared by me under the guidance of Dr. N. Mahesh, HOD, ACPCE, MS & R, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of masters of management. I also hereby declare that this project report is the result of my own efforts and has not been submitted at any time to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma. Place: Date: Sagar Dhoble Executive Summary The present is the era of  customers. Customers are more knowledgeable than ever before & because the customer is more knowledgeable companies must be faster, more agile  and more creative  than  few years  ago. So companies should strive to enhance customer satisfaction through knowing their expectations regarding products. It can be concluded on the basis that market research must be used to find out whether customer’s expectation are being met by current products or services. Consumer perception is based on the images consumers have of the organization and its products, this can be based on value for money, product quality, fashion and products reliability. This is anticipating future trends and forecasting for future sales. This is vital to any organization if they wish to keep their entire current market share and  develop more. Generating income or profit principle  clearly states  that  the  need  of  the organization  is  to be  profitable  enough  to  generate  income  or  growth  and  satisfying  the customer is a big part of companies  plans  they also need to take into account their own needs. For making satisfactory progress an organization need to make sure that their product is developing along with the market, if a product is developing well , then income should increase, if not then the marketing strategy should be revised. An organization should always know what is happening within their designated market, if it is changing, saturation, technological advances, slowing down or rapidly growing, being up to date on this is essential for companies to survive. There are also certain external factors that a company should be very aware of such as P. E. S. T factors i. e (political, environmental, social and technological) and S. W. O. T i. e. (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat). A business must  take into account all these constraints when Designing and introducing a marketing strategy. It can be concluded that an organization must treat customers as a king  in the market and provide them essential, satisfied and quality products and then the consumer buying activity will increase and subsequently sales will increase. Index Organization certificate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I College certificate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II Guide certificate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. III Preface†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IV Acknowledgment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. V Declaration †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ VI Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. VII Chapter1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 1. 1 Title of the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 1. 2 Overview of Automobile Industry†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 1. 3 About Bajaj†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 1. 4 Problem Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 1. 5 Scope of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 1. 6 Objectives of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 1. 7 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 23 Chapter2. Review of Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 Chapter3. Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 3. 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 0 3. 2 Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 31 3. 3 Sources of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 32 3. 4 Data Collection Method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 3. 5 Sampling Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 34 Chapter4. Data analysis and Interpretation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 35 Chapter5. Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 45 Chapter6. Conclusion and Suggestions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 46 Chapter7. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦.. 48 7. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 48 7. 2 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 50 CHAPTER – 1 Introduction:- 1. 1 Title of the project:- Title of the project is â€Å"Study of Marketing Research On Bajaj Bike† 1. 2 Overview of Automobile Industry:- The History of the automobile actually began about 4,000 years ago when the first wheel was used for transportation in India. Several Italians recorded designs for wind-driven vehicles. The first was  Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill-type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle that was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed clockwork-driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels. In the early 15th  century, the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction of two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power. By the 1600s, small steam-powered engine models were developed, but it was another century before a full-sized engine-powered vehicle was created. A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinan Verbiest is credited to have built a steam-powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about the vehicle, only the event. Since James Watt didn’t invent the steam engine until 1705, we can guess that this was possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero’s steam engine-a-spinning wheel with jets on the periphery. Although by the mid-15th  century the idea of a self-propelled vehicle had been put into practice with the development of experimental vehicles powered by means of springs, clockworks, and the wind, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France is considered to have built the first true automobile in 1769. Designed by Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin, it is also the first vehicle to move under its own power for which there is a record. Cugnot’s three-wheeled steam-powered vehicle carried four persons and was meant to move artillery pieces. It had a top speed of a little more than 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) and had to stop every 20 minutes to build up a fresh steam. Evans was the first American who obtained a patent for â€Å"a self-propelled carriage. † He, in fact, attempted to create a two-in-one combination of a steam wagon and a flat-bottomed boat, which didn’t receive any attention in those days. During the 1830’s, the steam vehicle had made great advances. But stiff competition from railway companies and crude legislations in Britain forced the poor steam vehicle gradually out of use on roads. Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, both Germans, share the credit of changing the transport habits of the world, for their efforts laid the foundation of the great motor industry, as we know it today. First, Carl Benz invented the petrol engine in 1885 and a year later Daimler made a car driven by motor of his own design and the rest is history. Daimler’s engine proved to be a great success mainly because of its less weight that could deliver 1000rpm and needed only very small and light vehicles to carry them. France too had joined the motoring scenario by 1890 when two Frenchmen Panhard and Levassor began producing vehicles powered by Daimler engine, and Daimler himself, possessed by the automobile spirit, went on adding new features to his engine. He built the first V-Twin engine with a glowing platinum tube to explode the cylinder gas-the very earliest form of sparking plug. Charles Duryea built a motor carriage in America with petrol engine in 1892, followed by Elwood Haynes in 1894, thus paving the way for motorcars in that country. For many years after the introduction of automobiles, three kinds of power sources were in common use: steam engines, gasoline or petrol engines, and electric motors. In 1900, over 2,300 automobiles were registered in New York, Boston, Massachusetts, and Chicago. Of these, 1,170 were steam cars, 800 were electric cars, and only 400 were gasoline cars. In ten years from the invention of the petrol engine, the motorcar had evolved itself into amazing designs and shapes. By 1898, there were 50 automobile-manufacturing companies in the United States, a number that rose to 241 by 1908. In that year, Henry Ford revolutionized the manufacture of automobiles  with his assembly- line style of production and brought out the Model T, a car that was inexpensive, versatile, and easy to maintain. Herbert Austin and William Morris, two different carmakers, introduced mass production methods of assembly in the UK, thus paving the way for a revolution in the automobile industry. Austin Seven was the world’s first practical four-seater ‘baby car’ which brought the pleasures of motoring to many thousands of people who could not buy a larger, more expensive car. Even the ‘bull-nose’ Morris with front mounted engine became the well-loved model and one of the most popular cars in the 1920s. Automobile manufacturers in the 1930s and 1940s refined and improved on the principles of Ford and other pioneers. Cars were generally large, and many were still extremely expensive and luxurious; many of the most collectible cars date from this time. The increased affluence of the United States after World War II led to the development of large, petrol-consuming vehicles, while most companies in Europe made smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. Indian Automobile – History India is the second largest manufacturer and producer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to Japan and China in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and domestic sales respectively. The Indian two-wheeler industry made a small beginning in the early 50s when  Automobile Products of India (API)  started manufacturing scooters in the country. Until 1958, API and Enfield were the sole producers. In  1948, Bajaj Auto  began trading in imported  Vespa scooters and three-wheelers. Finally,  in 1960, it set up a shop to manufacture them in technical collaboration with Piaggio  of Italy. The agreement expired in 1971. In the initial stages, the scooter segment was dominated by API, it was later  overtaken by Bajaj Auto. Although various government and private enterprises entered the fray for scooters, the only new player that has lasted till today is LML. Under the regulated regime, foreign companies were not allowed to operate in India. It was a complete seller market with the waiting period for getting a scooter from  Bajaj Auto being as high as 12 years. The motorcycles segment was no different, with only three manufacturers viz  Enfield, Ideal Jawa and Escorts. While Enfield bullet  was a four-stroke bike, Jawa and the Rajdoot were two-stroke bikes. The motorcycle segment was initially dominated by  Enfield 350cc bikes and Escorts 175cc bike. The two-wheeler market was  opened to foreign competition  in themid-80s. And then market leaders – Escorts and Enfield – were caught unaware by the onslaught of the 100cc bikes of the four Indo-Japanese joint ventures. With the availability of fuel efficient low power bikes, demand swelled, resulting in Hero Honda  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ then the only producer of four stroke bikes (100cc category), gaining a top slot. The first Japanese motorcycles were introduced in the early eighties. TVS Suzuki and Hero Honda  brought in the first two-stroke and  four-stroke engine  motorcycles respectively. These two players initially started with assembly of CKD kits, and later on progressed to indigenous manufacturing. In the 90s the major growth for motorcycle segment was brought in by Japanese motorcycles, which grew at a rate of nearly 25% CAGR in the last five years. The industry had a smooth ride in  the 50s, 60s and 70s  when the Government prohibited new entries and strictly controlled capacity expansion. The industry saw a sudden growth in the 80s. The industry witnessed a steady growth of 14% leading to a peak volume of 1. 9mn vehicles in 1990. The entry of Kinetic Honda in mid-eighties with a variometric scooter helped in providing ease of use to the scooter owners. In 1990, the entire  automobile industry saw  a  drastic fall  in demand. This resulted in a  decline of 15% in 1991 and 8% in 1992, resulting in a production loss of 0. mn vehicles. Barring Hero Honda, all the major producers suffered from recession in FY93 and FY94. Hero Honda showed a marginal decline in 1992. The reasons for recession in the sector were the incessant rise in fuel prices, high input costs and reduced purchasing power due to significant rise in general price level and credit crunch in consumer financing. Factors like increased production in 1992, due to new entrants coupled with the recession in the industry resulted in company either reporting losses or a fall in profits. India is one of the very few countries manufacturing three-wheelers  in the world. It is the world's largest manufacturer and seller of three-wheelers. Bajaj Auto commands a monopoly  in the domestic market with a  market share of above 80%, the  rest is shared by Bajaj Tempo, Greaves Ltd and Scooters India. The total number of registered two-wheelers and three wheelers on road in India, as on March 31, 1998 was 27. 9mn and 1. 7mn respectively. The two wheeler population has almost doubled in 1996 from a base of 12. 6mn in 1990. 1. 3 About Bajaj:- The  Bajaj Group  came into existence  in 1926, during the turmoil and the heady euphoria of India’s freedom struggle. Jamnalal Bajaj, founder of the group, was a close confidant and disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, and was deeply involved in the effort for freedom. The integrity, dedication, resourcefulness and determination to succeed which are characteristic of the company today, are often traced back to its birth during those long days of relentless devotion to a common cause. Kamalnayan Bajaj, the eldest  son of Jamnalal Bajaj, at the age of 27,  he took over the reins of business  in 1942. Putting the Nation before business, he devoted himself to the latter only after India achieved independence in 1947 and then after he was able to give his full attention to the business. Kamalnayan Bajaj  not only consolidated the group, but also diversified into various manufacturing activities, elevating the group to the status it enjoys till this day. At present  Chairman and Managing Director of the group, is Rahul Bajaj,  took charge of the business  since 1965  and is recognized as one of the most outstanding business leaders in India. As dynamic and ambitious as his illustrious predecessors, he has been recognized for his achievement at various national and international forums. Bajaj  is currently  India’s Largest Two and Three Wheeler manufacturer  and one of the biggest in the world. Under Rahul Bajaj’s  leadership, the turnover of the Bajaj Auto the flagship company has gone up from  Rs. 72 million to Rs. 46. 16 billion (USD 936 million),  its product portfolio has expanded from one to and the brand has found a global market. He is one of India’s most distinguished business leaders and internationally respected for his business acumen and entrepreneurial spirit. . 4 Problem Definition:- There are many companies manufacturing motorcycles into the market, at the same time as there are many companies manufacturing motorcycles, idea about thinking of customer on whether, what, how, and for whom to purchase the motorcycle. Therefore, research is required to measure present consumer buying behavior at the purchase of Bajaj bike. So the researcher problem is to identify what are the criteria that prospective customer takes into consideration before buying the motorcycles. 1. 5 Scope of Study:- The study on Marketing Research would help us:- To know about his product potential in the market vis-a-vis the total product; * New Products; * Various brands; * Pricing; * Market Structures and selection of product strategy, etc. * To get feedback from customer. * Company also wants the suggestion for improvement from users of Bajaj Vehicles. 1. 6 Objectives of Study:- â€Å"Study of Marketing Research Regarding Two Wheeler (Automobiles Industry)† * The demographics of who is buying the product at the present compared to the demographics of people buying competitors’ products. Satisfaction of customers and potential customers with the products they are buying. * Attitudes of customers and potential customers towards the value for money of the products from different suppliers. * Features about the product that customers would like to see improved. * The awareness amongst potential customers of product. * Factors that would prompt potential customers to buy from the company. 1. 7 Limitations:- * The market survey was limited to area of Pune city. * Time Constraint. * In such cases respondents were not able to give all information was taken. We can’t meet each and every user because of human limitations and other problems so we select some sample. CHAPTER – 2 Review of Literature:- As noted by NMCC (2006), competitiveness of manufacturing sector is a very broad multi-dimensional concept that embraces numerous aspects such as price, quality, productivity, efficiency and macro-economic environment. There are numerous studies on auto industry in India, published by industry associations, consultancy organizations, research bodies and peer-reviewed journals. In this section, various studies on the Indian auto industry are evie wed, under different heads pertaining to global comparisons, fiscal and trade policies and evolution of the Indian auto industry and other aspects. Global Comparisons The Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India (ICRA, 2003) studies the competitiveness of the Indian auto industry, by global comparisons of macro environment, policies and cost structure. This has a detailed account on the evolution of the global auto industry. The United States was the first major player from 1900 to 1960, after which Japan took its place as the cost-efficient leader. Cost efficiency being the only real means in as mature an industry as automobiles to retain or improve market share, global auto manufacturers have been sourcing from the developing countries. India and China have emerged as favourite destinations for the first-tier OEMs since late 1980s. There are only a few dominant Indian OEMs, while the number of OEMs is very large in China (122 car manufacturers and 120 motorcycle manufacturers). ICRA (2004) analyses the implications of the India-ASEAN5 Free Trade Agreements for the Indian automotive industry. ASEAN economies are globally more integrated than India. The current size of Indian and ASEAN market for automobiles is more or less the same but the Indian market has a larger growth potential than the ASEAN market due to the low level of penetration. The labour cost is low in India but the stringent labour regulations erode this advantage. The level of infrastructure is better in India than Indonesia and the Philippines but worse than that in other ASEAN countries. The financial and banking sector is better in India than in the ASEAN countries. The study notes that there is a huge excess capacity in ASEAN countries, in comparison with that in India, which will help them to tackle the excess demand that may arise in future. The study finds a 20-30 per cent cost disadvantage for Indian companies on account of taxation and infrastructure and 5-20 per cent labour cost advantage over comparable ASEAN-member-based companies. Similar findings are noted in a study by the Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA, 2004), particularly in comparison with Thailand. Policy Environment and Evolution of Indian Auto Industry In this section, studies on the policy environment pertaining to the Indian auto industry and its evolution over the years have been reviewed. Pingle (2000) reviews the policy framework of India’s automobile industry and its impact on its growth. While the ties between bureaucrats and the managers of state-owned enterprises played a positive role especially since the late 1980s, ties between politicians and industrialists and between politicians and labour leaders have impeded the growth. The first phase of 1940s and 1950s was characterised by socialist ideology and vested interests, resulting in protection to the domestic auto industry and entry barriers for foreign firms. There was a good relationship between politicians and industrialists in this phase, but bureaucrats played little role. Development of ancillaries segment as recommended by the L. K. Jha Committee report in 1960 was a major event that took place towards the end of this phase. During the second phase of rules, regulations and politics, many political developments and economic problems affected the auto industry, especially passenger cars segment, in the 1960s and 1970s. Though politicians picked winners and losers mainly by licensing production, this situation changed with oil crises and other related political and macro-economic constraints. The third phase starting in the early 1980s was characterised by delicensing, liberalization and opening up of FDI in the auto sector. These policies resulted in the establishment of new LCV manufacturers (for example, Swaraj Mazda, DCM Toyota) and passenger car manufacturers. 7 All these developments led to structural changes in the Indian auto industry. Pingle argues that state intervention and ownership need not imply poor results and performance, as demonstrated by Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL). Further, the noncontractual relations between bureaucrats and MUL dictated most of the policies in the 1980s, which were biased towards passenger cars and MUL in particular. However, D’Costa (2002) argues that MUL’s success is not particularly attributable to the support from bureaucrats. Rather, any firm that is as good as MUL in terms of scale economies, first-comer advantage, affordability, product novelty, consumer choice, financing schemes and extensive servicing networks would have performed as well, even in the absence of bureaucratic support. D’Costa has other criticisms about Pingle (2000) The major shortcoming of Pingle’s study is that it ignores the issues related to sectors pecific technologies and regional differences across the country. In August 2006, a Draft of Automotive Mission Plan Statement prepared in consultation with the industry was released by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. This was finally released as a report in December 2006. This document draws an action plan to take the turnover of the automotive industry in India to US$145 billion by 2016, accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people, by 2016. A special emphasis is laid on small cars, MUVs, two-wheelers and auto-components. Measures suggested include setting up of a National Auto Institute, streamlining government/educational/research institutions to the needs of the auto industry, upgrading infrastructure, considering changes in duty structure and fiscal incentives for R;D. Similarly, NMCC (2006), which lays down a national strategy for manufacturing, recognises the importance of the Indian automobile and auto-component industry, particularly the latter, as a competitive knowledge-based industry with immense employment generation potential. The policy recommendations of this study include VAT implementation, lower indirect taxes, power reforms, tax benefits linked to export earnings, duty-cut for raw material imports, R;D incentives for a longer period, establishment of auto parks, benefits for export-seeking investments, human resources development and modernisation fund for new investments in auto clusters. Industry players have been advised to improve their operational performance, determine their strategic posture as one among those identified in the study, improve capabilities in line with their posture and invest very rapidly in a planned manner. ACMA needs to promote India as a brand, enable sourcing from India by global customers and promote the quality and productivity efforts of the autocomponent firms in India. ACMA (2006) notes that India’s joining the WP (Working Party) 29: 1998 Agreement for global harmonisation of automotive standards, coupled with the funding of National Automotive Testing and Research Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) by the Government of India, has increased prospects of the Indian auto industry rising up to global standards in the near future, in all aspects. Narayanan (2004) analyses the determinants of growth of Indian automobile firms during three different policy regimes, namely, licensing (1980-81 to 1984-85), deregulation (1985-86 to 1990-91) and liberalisation (1991-92 to 1995-96). Unlike the prediction by Narayanan (1998), this study finds that vertical integration is detrimental for growth in a liberalised regime as it potentially limits diversification. Narayanan (2006) also finds that vertical integration plays a positive role in a regulated regime, while it is not conducive for export competitiveness in a liberal regime. CHAPTER – 3 Research Methodology:- . 1 Introduction:- Marketing research is the function which links the consumer, customer and public to the marketers through information used to identify and define marketing, opportunities and problems, generates refine marketing action; monitor marketing performance and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information requ ired to address these issues; designs the method for collection information manages and implements the data collection process; analysis the results and communication the findings and their implication. Research definition:- Research is careful inquiry or examination to discover new information and relationship and to expand and to verify exiting knowledge† Research always starts with questions or a problem. Its purpose is to find answer to questions through the application of the scientific method. It is a systematic and intensive study directed towards a more complete knowledge of the subject studies. 3. 2 Research Design:- â€Å"Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answer to research question and to control variance. † From definition it is evident that research design is one or ess a blueprint of research. At the outset may be noted that there are several ways of studying and tackling a problem. There is no s ignal perfect design. The research design can be classified in to true broad categories: (A) Exploratory (B) Descriptive (C) Casual Exploratory research is focus on the discovery of ideas. Exploratory research is carried out to define problems and developed hypothesis to test later. An exploratory study is generally based on the secondary data that are reading available. It does not have to change his focus of direction, depending on the availability of new ideas and relationship among variables. Descriptive studies are undertaken in many circumstances. Descriptive studies can be complex, determining a high degree of scientific skill on the part of the researcher. Casual research helps in determined cause and effect relationship. Between two or more variables. The present study seeks to find out the consumers attitude towards buying of bike. The study also aims at findings out the drawbacks of the marketing set up of BAJAJ AUTO LTD. So this makes the study a descriptive one. 3. 3 Sources of Data:- The sources of data collection methods are as follows. a) Primary data:- Primary data i. e. ollected for the first time. It is fresh and originally collected by the surveyor. I will used only primary data in calculating the study and collect the data. b) Secondary data:- Secondary data are those data which are already collected by someone for some purpose and are available for the present study; secondary data are already collected by the company‘s records and other libraryâ⠂¬Ëœs books. When the secondary data are sufficient, the researcher has to be satisfied with the primary sources of data. Secondary data can be used as bases for comparison with primary data have been collected by questionnaire. . 4 Data Collection Method:- While making an analysis,  Primary data  represents a true and correct picture of subject to be studied as  compared to the secondary data, which is second hand ; has become obsolete. So to know about the current situation of the market and actual facts, collection and analysis of primary data is of significance. We have presented the â€Å"Research findings on the basis of Primary Data†Ã‚  collected through a  survey  conducted with the help of questionnaires of customers of Pune City. The questionnaire contains three types of questions. * Open-ended question:- It is helpful in knowing what is uppermost in the mind of the respondents. It gives complete freedom to the respondent. * Dichotomous questions:- It has only two answers in form ‘yes’ or ‘no’, ‘true’ or ‘false’, ‘use’ or ‘do not use’. So the respondent is offered two or more choice. * Multiple-choice question:- In this, the respondent is offered two or more choice. 3. 5 Sampling Plan:- Sampling is a process of obtaining the information about the entire population by examine a part of it . The effectiveness of the research depends on the sample size selected for the survey purpose. A) Sample Site:- The survey was conducted in PUNE CITY. (B)Sampling Unit:- It means â€Å"Who is to be surveyed†. Here target population is decided and it is who are interested to purchase â€Å"Bike† and sampling frame is developed so that everyone in the target population has known chance of being sampled. So the s urvey is conducted particularly in Pune City. (C)Sample size:- We collect several sample for both Market Research. Total 134 outlets were surveyed for both project. * 82 outlets were surveyed for the project of Service Satisfaction of customers from â€Å"Automotive Mfrs†Ã‚  after purchasing Vehicle. 52 outlets were surveyed for the project of Customer Perception for Purchasing Vehicle. CHAPTER – 4 Data analysis and Interpretation:- We Collect Data of 82 Vehicles for Market Research of Bajaj Dealer Service. Q. 1)From where Customer Purchase Vehicle? Q. 2)Where you service your vehicle? Q. 3)Time taken at service station to understand vehicle problem is Appropriate? Q. 4)Have they understand service problem properly? Q. 5)Have customer get Expense Detail of service in advance? Q. 6)After Competion of Service have they give Information about what they do in Service? Q. 7)Behaviors of Automotive’s staff is proper or not? Q. 8) Given Problem is Solved by the Engineers or Not? Q. 9) Have you got Delivery of vehicle in time after giving it in Service? Q. 10) The customer Satisfied with Service or Not? CHAPTER – 5 Findings:- * We conduct 82 sample for know the customer service satisfaction of â€Å"Automotive Mfrs Pvt Ltd†. * From this 82 sample, 49 samples are of Automotive, 24 sample of Rajashri ; 9 other Bajaj’s dealer in Pune. * 71% Customer are satisfied with Automotives service ; 29% are not satisfied due to some reasons. Automotive save the time of customer by taking lesser time while they come for servicing their vehicle. And also engineer understand customers problem properly. * Automotive gives expense detail advance so most of customer are satisfied with the expense detail. * Service satisfaction of automotive customer is higher than other dealer’s service. * If some customer make service on both Rajashri and Automotive then the customer prefer Automotive more because Automotive give qualitative service so that customer satisfaction from Automotive is higher. CHAPTER – 6 Conclusion and Suggestions:- The Suggestions  that are given by  Customers and we give suggestions as a market researcher for Improving in a service. Because after selling of a vehicle customer may has some of the problem and customer come for solve their problem through service and company should try to give proper service to satisfy customer by solving their problem. The suggestions are as followed: * Company should take  less time  for service the vehicle. * Company takes Higher Charges for Pay Service. This should be reducing. * Company should  facilitate a Scheme  for servicing Old Vehicles  so that all the customer service their vehicle at company’s service station. Dealers should improve  staff behavior. Some time it create trouble for customers. * Price of spare parts  should be  lesser  than market price. * Some time Vehicles problem is not solved so company try to concentrate on solving a problem and also see that this type of problem should not arise in future. * Sometimes they only  wash the vehicles. This should not happen in future otherwise company can loose the customer. * All parts  should be available at service station. Because sometime customer face the problem that parts are not available. Only one person should take the responsibility  to check * the vehicles problem and also to solve the problem. CHAPTER – 7 References:- 7. 1 Bibliography:- a) Kotler, Philip 2002,PHI(I)P. ltd, Marketing management b) Kothari, C. R. 2001,Himayalayan Publications, Research Methodology Magazines and News papers:- a) Auto car India b) Business Today c) Business World d) Business India e) Economic Times f) The Hindu g) India Today Websites Visited:- http://xkmph. com/discuss/index. php? topic=2298. 0 http://allprojectreports. com/index. htm http://pakistanmba. jimdo. com/free-marketing-projects-2/ ttp://www. skirec. com/ http://findpdf. net/ebooks/books-about-case-study-about-marketing-strategy-Bajaj-Auto-case-study-about-marketing-channels-free-d ownload. html http://nisearch. com/bajaj-auto/1/ http://tejas-iimb. org/articles/21. php http://www. stuffspec. com/publicfiles/Summer_Internship_Project_Report_In_Ms_Word_Format. html http://wwww. justdial. com/srch/all_indiasrch/all_india. php http://hbr. org/product/bajaj-auto-ltd-portuguese-version/an/508P02-PDF-POR http://stocktraderschat. com/search/two-wheeler-automotive-product-manufacture/1/ http://www. fundinguniverse. om/company-histories/Bajaj-Auto-Limited-Company-History. html http://www. scribd. com/doc/50035324/Study-on-Consumer-Buying-Behaviour-amp-Satisfaction-Level-of-Two-Wheeler-With-Refrence-to-Bajaj-Auto-Ltd 7. 2 Appendix:- Questionnaire Q. 1. How many brand of two-wheeler do you know? MO`BIKE SCOOTER Hero Honda LML Bajaj Auto Honda Suzuki Bajaj Auto TVS Kinetic Engineering Enfield Yahama Cosmo Blaster LML Q. 2. Which type of two wheeler you prefer most? (a) Motor Bike (b) Scooter (c) Moped / Scooties Q. 3. which attributes do you like most in your two-wheeler? Rates the Various factors you consider most? (1-6, 1 is most important) (1. ) Luggage space (2. ) Fuel Efficiency (3. ) Pick up (4. ) Resale value (5. ) Driving comfort (6. ) Out look Q. 4. what is your source of finance? (a) Bank Loan (b) Finance Company (c) Self financing (d) Any Other Q. what are the external factors that influence you about purchasing Bike? (a) Print media (b) Electronic media (c) Exhibition (d) Trade shows (e) Brand image Q. 6 which brand right now you are having? (a) Hero Honda (b) Bajaj Auto (c) TVS (d) Suzuki (e) Yamaha (f ) LML Q. 7. Should Company go for innovation in context to development of new Bike? (a) Yes (b) No Q. 8. While going for the development of new bike which point the company Should keep in mind (a) Acceptability of customer (b) Scale of economic c) Comfort (d) Design (e) Others Q . 9 According to you which company`s model you like most and Why- (A) Bajaj Caliber (b) TVS Victor (c) Honda Activa (d) Yahama Libero (e) Hero Honda Ambition Q. 10. Please give suggestions to improve your present brand. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ CUSTOMER PERSONAL INFORMATION A. Name:-___________________________________________ B. Address:-___________________________________________ C. phone no:-__________________________________________ D. Age (in year):- 18 to 20[]21 to 25[ ] 26 to 30[]31 to 35[ ] 36 to 40[]41 ; above[ ] E. Occupation:- Services[]Businessman[] Students[]Professional[] Others[] F. monthly income:- 5000 [ ] 5000-10,000[] 10,000-15,000 [ ] 15,000-20,000[] 20,000 Above [ ] Sing. ___________________ Date. ___________________

John Locke and the Declaration of Independence Essay

In 1689, John Locke published, what proved to be, a valuable document for the American Revolution as well as life in present day America, known as the Second Treatise of Government. In his document he creates a model of his ideal civil government, which is created by the people to ensure their â€Å"natural rights† of life, liberty, and property. This government may also be dissolved upon the decision of the people, when it is believed that the sovereignty has ceased to function properly. Locke’s model government is based on his idea of the â€Å"state of nature†; perfect freedom, the state all men are in naturally. This idea infers that all men will govern themselves accordingly; however chaos and anarchy would always occur. Men, in the â€Å"state of nature†, all have the drive and want to acquire more than which they already possess. Men, also, have the same capabilities of doing so, which ultimately creates conflict between men. This is where the idea of the â€Å"politic society† comes into play. The â€Å"politic society† is where men forfeit their individual right to govern themselves, and instead create a â€Å"social contract† amongst one another. The â€Å"social contract† is a binding agreement between the government and the governed, in which the governed agree to sacrifice their individual political power and obey laws, while the government agrees to provide protection of property and enforce/create laws th at promote the common good. The government is prohibited from doing which the governed does not consent nor comply with. Once government goes above or beyond its prescribed capabilities, it is then that it should be dissolved. Locke insists the government may be dissolved in any instance, if does not receive consent from its governed during: legislative alteration, executive hindering its legislative, alteration of elective process the executive, failure to enforce existing laws, and subjection to foreign powers. It is evident that, while Thomas Jefferson was formulating his document, The Declaration of Independence, he was highly influenced by Locke’s views within his Second Treatise of Government. In fact, the preamble to The Declaration of Independence encompasses Locke’s ideas of the â€Å"state of nature† and the â€Å"politic society† as demonstrated here: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing it powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness.† This is directly parallel to what Locke states in his Second Treatise to the Government, with the insertion of property in place of happiness, when he says: â€Å"Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Another instance of parallelism is within the Declaration of Independence’s list of grievances and Locke’s grounds for dissolution. Jefferson states that: â€Å"He (The King of Great Britain) has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected†¦ He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people†. All of these grievances are considered by Locke, to be just reasons for the dissolution of the current government. Even though, both documents appear to be quite similar, there is a slight difference. Locke’s views are more individualistic. He concentrates on the rights and duties of the individual. While on the other hand, Jefferson’s main focus is on the government and its rights and limitations. Both proved to be highly effective in each owns instance. Case in point, on July 4, 1776, that The Declaration of Independence was formally adopted by the Continental Congress and the American Revolution officially began. Another important issue to be discussed is slavery. In the Second Treatise of Government, Locke maintains that the â€Å"perfect condition of slavery† is based upon consent. That â€Å"man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of nature for his rule† yet† having by his fault forfeited his own life by some act that deserves death, he to whom he has forfeited it may, when he has him in his power, delay to take it and make use of him to his own service†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Locke essentially is saying slavery is a consensual debt to someone and should not be used in any other instance. The topic of slavery was not included within the embodiment of The Declaration of Independence. In America, slavery was not consistent with Locke’s view of doubtful servitude. Instead, slaves were brought over from other countries, or born into it themselves and it became a common, harsh way of life for African Americans of that time. A prime example would be Frederick Douglass; a self educated, escaped slave, who was a part of the abolitionist movement during the pre-civil war era. He believed that the Declaration of Independence, the document itself and its ideas, did not apply to he and his people, for they were not free. In his oration, what to Say to the Slave is the Fourth of July, he declares that: â€Å"I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice, are not enjoyed in common— the rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence†¦ is shared by you and not by me.† It is clear that Frederick Douglass shows a great deal of discontent towards the 4th of July and what it represents to Americans because it doesn’t represent anything for African Americans but after a great deal of effort and a civil war, slavery was abolished in 1868 with the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. During the abolitionist movement, there was another prominent cause in America, the women’s movement. The women of the time, Lucretia Mott for example, felt that women shared a similar cause with the African Americans, in that they were treated unfairly and suffered from inequality in society. They wanted equal rights, mainly the right to vote. The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions was a Mott’s response to the Declaration of Independence; a parody of the rights of man, the Caucasian man in particular. It is in this document that she demonstrates how women are deprived of the rights to liberty, justice, and property. After many rallies and protest, women were granted the right to vote in 1919 under Amendment XIX. The next great movement of America’s history was the Civil Rights Movement. This forged many great leaders such as Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Both men shared t opposite views on which actions to take to promote their cause. Dr. King advocated the non-violent approach. He and his followers held rallies and protests and tried to educate America about this current state of inequality and segregation through pamphlets and orations. One of Dr. King’s most famous pieces was a Letter from a Birmingham Jail. He too, like Mott, used words in order to express the current condition of deprivation of life, liberty, and property. All of these great movements would have been impossible, if it were not for Locke’s Second Treatise of Government. This document created what became a domino effect of social revolutions in the post years after its publication and is a valuable source of model democratic system still today.

Costumes as an aspect of theatrical play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Costumes as an aspect of theatrical play - Essay Example "The costumes and sets of Shakespeare's time influenced the production of the plays. The costumes aided in the visual affects of the plays as did the lighting and the sound effects" (1). Fashion history of many countries is rich in different attire and costumes. So, a costumer must use all the features of a costume to show colours of a particular historical epoch. "We even distinguish between plays that are dressed in the clothing of people of another times or places. We consider these to be "costume plays" (1). A director of the play must show all the variety of costumes features concerning particular play and time the action takes place, especially if it can help to underline the plot and the color of the time. For example, if the action takes place in Elizabethan time, a director must take into account, that "Any part of the costume was likely to be decorated with braid, embroidery, pinking (pricking in patterns) slashing, or puffing, or it might be encrusted with pearls, jewels, or spangles or trimmed with lace or artificial flowers. Men's clothing, like that of women, was gorgeous with color and ornamentation" (1). These details and features help spectators to plunge into the plot and feel the taste of the epoch.

Collage Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Collage Reflection - Essay Example I chose this mixture of quotes, wise sayings, songs, poems, and book excerpts to symbolize who I am as a person. My true identity has been shaped by my childhood experiences, and my goals and dreams that I am still living out. Ever since I can remember, my fondest dream and goal in life has been to attend college. Early on I realized how much of a struggle it would be to gain entry into a top university in the United States, but that did not derail my efforts. In the words of Winston Churchill, â€Å"Never, never, never give up† (Never Give Up Quotes). This quote is in my collage because it defines my struggle to keep going and my desire to push through any obstacle that my come my way. My passion is finance. I want to be a successful leader in business so that I can help mentor others and inspire to them succeed as well. I have a passion and drive in me to do this that will not go away. The quote by Li Shing that begins â€Å"The future may be made up of many factors, but where it truly lies is in the hearts and minds of men† certainly epitomizes my belief in this area (Passion Quotes). My dedication is truly not for my own gain, but is based on a love for people and my country. The reason I chose to put this particular quote in red in because it symbolizes passion. Passion is a burning desire to do something. It is a goal and dream that I cannot rest from until it is realized. In addition, this passion was instilled in me from an early age. The quote ‘Will you join the dance?† (Carroll 1992) reflects my childhood.... I chose this mixture of quotes, wise sayings, songs, poems, and book excerpts to symbolize who I am as a person. My true identity has been shaped by my childhood experiences, and my goals and dreams that I am still living out. Ever since I can remember, my fondest dream and goal in life has been to attend college. Early on I realized how much of a struggle it would be to gain entry into a top university in the United States, but that did not derail my efforts. In the words of Winston Churchill, â€Å"Never, never, never give up† (Never Give Up Quotes). This quote is in my collage because it defines my struggle to keep going and my desire to push through any obstacle that my come my way. My passion is finance. I want to be a successful leader in business so that I can help mentor others and inspire to them succeed as well. I have a passion and drive in me to do this that will not go away. The quote by Li Shing that begins â€Å"The future may be made up of many factors, but wh ere it truly lies is in the hearts and minds of men† certainly epitomizes my belief in this area (Passion Quotes). My dedication is truly not for my own gain, but is based on a love for people and my country. The reason I chose to put this particular quote in red in because it symbolizes passion. Passion is a burning desire to do something. It is a goal and dream that I cannot rest from until it is realized. In addition, this passion was instilled in me from an early age. The quote ‘Will you join the dance?† (Carroll 1992) reflects my childhood. From an early age, I have desired to do something more with my life and I did dream about this as the days went by. I want to a positive force for change in whatever I do, so I certainly do intend

Career Goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Goals - Assignment Example Four years of graduation as a sponsored student need more time and effort than any other student as my academic record will be under the observation of my educators, sponsors and family. Thus, I have to focus earnestly, study persistently to earn good grades and learn the taught skill with zeal so to be an apt pilot. This initial focus and effort will enable me to earn high GPA in the class and it will be easier for me to attain the piloting license. Based on my academic profile and efforts to earn more flying hours in Saudi Airline, I will be to attain enough flying hours so to become a Captain. In Saudi Airline, I plan to develop full potential as a responsible and skilled pilot under the influence of a senior Captain so I can become one skilled pilot myself swiftly. After earning the title of Captain in Saudi Airline and developing a good reputation in this field, I plan to join Qatar Airways, which has the esteem reputation of a top-notch airline. Qatar Air has the quality of being the best airline for pilots especially for a Captain, as they offer many privileges and handsome pay, which any pilot can dream

Computer and Video Games Industry - Nintendo Essay

Computer and Video Games Industry - Nintendo - Essay Example This industry posses a different dynamic situation and a new and unique business environment in which very few players tend to dominate both in software as well as hardware industry. Sony is supposed to be leading in the hardware industry through its Play Stations whereas Microsoft is a late entry into the hardware market through its own gaming console to rival Sony and other players. Based on such aggressive competition in the industry it can safely be assumed that this industry is not only growing but also pose a great challenge to the industry players to be more innovative and creative in presenting new and unique gaming themes to gain competitive advantages in the industry. This study will explore the dynamics in the video industry and how it behaved in the past and what is its key drivers in the 2000s and how the industry develops into short to long-term with special emphasis on the software as well as hardware. As outlined above that the video gaming industry is expected to generate a revenue target of more than $50 Billion in the current year, the expectations are that the industry will grow at least in the short run. A close look at that industry will suggest that it’s most avid users i.e. consumers are not just children but also include adults with the average age of the users ranges in 30 years pointing towards the diverse and vast customer base the industry is catering to. However, the key driver in the industry has always remained the innovation whether in the past or in the current 21st-century consumer market for the video games. As the industry has now emerged as a parallel entertainment industry to the Hollywood, therefore, it is now being more and more structured and sophisticated as far as the production and development of these games concerned. This innovation and creativity further become complicated especially within the domain of the software when the developers of the games face hardware constraints such as faced by the Sony when its Play Station 2 Console restricted it to embark on the more creative and innovative software games to launch.  

Virginia Deer Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Virginia Deer Management Plan - Essay Example In Virginia, the augmented rate of deer has been of a major consideration towards the ecosystem of the state. The state has been facing issues in relation to the over-population of deer. The increased ratio of deer population has resulted in hampering the ecosystem of the state. Moreover, deer are also seemed to be accountable for negatively affecting the economic condition of the state owing to damages made in gardens, crops along with trees. Deer are also identified to be of immense threat for road accidents in the highways. In this regard, the ‘Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries’ (VDGIF) has been facing considerable challenges owing to the differential interests of the citizens. The board members of the VDGIF are mostly concerned about white-tailed deer as compared to other wildlife species in the state. White-tailed deer has been considered mostly, as it is determined as one of the most famous game species. On the other hand, white-tailed deer has been associated with deferent implications that include public safety concerns and impact on the ecosystem. Contextually, the management of VDGIF with different interests from the citizens in relation to white-tailed deer faced challenges in developing appropriate deer management plan in accordance with which deer population might me managed effectively. In this respect, the major functions of the VDGIF include public education, regulatory powers, protecting wildlife resources and law enforcement.

Capitalization requirement and efficiency Essay

Capitalization requirement and efficiency - Essay Example This issue is highlighted in the study of Ahmed et al. (2001) where it is noted that ‘Islamic banks perform both commercial and investment banking services but do not establish firewalls to separate these two services legally, financially, and managerially’ (Ahmed et al., 2001, p.169); in accordance with the above researchers the effectiveness of Islamic banks could be increased if their activities were appropriately categorized and distributed among different organizational departments. On the other hand, Chong et al. (2009, 125) state that the most important characteristic of traditional Islamic banking is the Profit and Loss Share scheme – in Islamic banks there is no interest on transactions, a fact that differentiates these banks from Conventional ones; the daily functions of Islamic banks have to be aligned accordingly. Through the study of Chong et al. (2009) it has been also proved that the use of PLS scheme in Islamic banks worldwide has been limited under the influence of the Conventional-banks practice of offering interest on investments and transactions; through this way, it is proposed by Chong et al. (2009) that the rules regulating the activities of Islamic banks worldwide would be changed and introduce similar principles with those applied on Conventional banks. The need for update of the existing operational principles of Islamic banks has been highlighted by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions; the abo ve organization has proposed the development of ‘accounting standards for Islamic investment vehicles and the conduction of related training and publicity’ (Pomeranz, 1997, p.123); in other words, the weaknesses of the current Islamic banking system are recognized; however, it is noted that the improvement of Islamic banking system should be developed independently from the Conventional banking, i.e. through the establishment of principles and practices that they will

Business skills(IT SKILLS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business skills(IT SKILLS) - Essay Example Presenting these studied facts and figures of the opposite party during the course of negotiation, shows the awareness of the negotiator and prohibits exaggerated statements from the other party. It also portrays a better picture of the negotiator on the other party. Points to be discussed and emphasised should be sorted out before the negotiation deal. Arguments on each point should be worked out. This exercise will save the time and confusion and also save the discussion session from getting bore. Documentary proofs of the facts should be kept and presented when required, to generate confidence. Enough opportunity should be given to the other party to present its views. This may lead to some points which the negotiator planned to discuss, but are automatically agreed upon by the other party. Behaviour of an expert negotiator during the meeting may always remain clam and friendly. Even if unpleasant things go on, he or she should keep cool and try to mould the things in his or her favour. Negotiator should never show extreme gestures like over-excitement, or perturbed. A good negotiator should be a good listener. An expert negotiator peeps into the eyes of the other party while presenting his or her views. This is a psychological action.

Inequality of bargaining power in the music industry Essay

Inequality of bargaining power in the music industry - Essay Example The will theory of contract was founded upon the economic principle that the good of all exists in the pursuit of individual, selfish economic gain.1 The exchange between two parties is based upon the principle of â€Å"consideration† which Stone defines as â€Å"what one party to an agreement is giving, or promising in exchange for what is being given or promised from the other side.†2 But in truth, classical contract theory may not represent the true will of the parties, resulting in inequitable individual gains to one party3 and according to Baumann, â€Å"the role of the Courts is restricted to enforcing their [the parties] bargained for exchange.†4 As stated by Spencer Nathan Thal, â€Å"the freedom of contract doctrine sanctions every transaction, however unequal the starting points and however unequal the outcome.† Where the issue of contracts in the music industry are concerned, the common terms covered are exclusivity of use of material, duration and territories covering use, ownership, copyrights and the right to exploitation of the material6. Exclusive performance over large geographical areas for long periods may render a contract unconscionable for an artist, because as pointed out by Vetrone, most artists never get a fair deal from music and recording companies.

Learning Preferences Essay Example for Free

Learning Preferences Essay Describe your strongest dimension on the personality spectrum. My strongest dimension on the personality spectrum is a giver (32). Every word on the list of giver describes me. My honesty is probably one my strongest. As I get older and being the mother of two terrific boys, I just feel at this exact moment in my life there is no need to lie. Honesty is the key, but sometimes I feel I am a little too honest and may hurt someone’s feelings, but not intentionally. I just feel â€Å"it is what it is†. I love promoting peace whether it’s a world issue or family. I just think that everyone would be a lot happier in their lives if we can be honest with one another and promote positivity. I hate drama. 2. Describe how each practice activity reinforced or contradicted something about yourself. In the Personality Spectrum Assessment it contradicted me on being a visual learner. In the Multiple Pathways to Learning Assessment it resulted in me being under-developed, but in one of the activities in the Personality Spectrum it said that I was fine in this area. I must say it left me a little baffled, but at the same time I feel my answers can vary to certain situations that can me contradict myself in this case. I feel that I can adapt to different learning environments quite well, just like I’m learning the OLS. This is definitely an contradiction. The Barsch Learning Style Inventory activity made me realize that I am more proficient in the kinesthetic learning style than I am a visual learner. This activity made me think hard and deep about what my learning abilities are and what I thought they were. I definitely love working hands on and encouraging others. I am usually the one that normally starts dishing out ideas first when I am grouped up with others. .

Secondary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Secondary Sjà ¶gren’s Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis Secondary Sjà ¶gren’s Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity – a case of severe dry eyes Authors: Dina Christina Janse van Rensburg, MD1, 2 Catharina Cornelia Grant, PhD1, 2 Audrey Jansen van Rensburg, MSc1,2 Pieter Roelof Cronjà ¨, FC Ophth, MBChB3 Thelani Catharina Grant, BSc Agric (Hons)1, 2 Abstract Patients with Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome present with a wide range of clinical manifestations that carries a high rate of morbidity and mortality with increased risk of lymphoma development. Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome is either a primary disorder, or secondary to other autoimmune disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to the multiple aspects of the disease and the similarity of the symptoms to other diseases, diagnosis and management of Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome is challenging. Among the symptoms, Sjà ¶gren syndrome typically presents with dry eyes that may result in severe ocular surface disorders such as persistent epithelial defects, and conventional dry eye therapy is often unsuccessful in controlling ocular signs and symptoms. We highlight the rare case of a 50 year old woman whom despite well controlled RA disease activity still manifested with severe secondary Sjà ¶grens syndrome. It was only after autologous serum was applied as a last resort that her ocular s ymptoms improved. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, dry eyes, Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome, autologous serum, inflammation Introduction Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands. A lymphocytic infiltration in the salivary and lacrymal glands results in reduced secretion, leading to continual dryness of the mouth and eyes.1-3 SS may manifest as a primary disease presenting as a single entity, or secondary in combination with other autoimmune disorders.4 The prevalence of secondary SS relates predominantly to RA5 and associates with increased disease acivity.6 It may present with a systemic component, including painful joints, dry and itchy sunlight sensitive skin, irritable bowel, liver problems and extreme tiredness. Because of the many possible clinical pictures of SS it is a challenging diagnosis to make and may therefore go undiagnosed for many years after the onset of symptoms.3,7-9 Dryness symptoms are amplified in patients with RA, it increases with age and are associated with the severity of illness, relating to worse outcomes measures of the disease. Appr oximately 25% RA patients presents with keratoconjunctivitis sicca as the most prevailing and frequent ocular complication.5,10 Several therapies have been identified that inhibit inflammatory mediators and mechanisms in dry eye disease, however the treatment of persistent epithelial defects and severe ocular dryness by means of topical tear replacement often proofs inadequate.11 In this case study we report a RA patient who regardless of well controlled treatment with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, still developed severe secondary SS. Autologous serum drops offered significant improvement of her extreme ocular surface inflammation and symptoms, when all other treatment modalities failed. Case Report A 50 year old Caucasian woman was diagnosed with RA. During the course of the illness she was treated with methotrexate, folic acid, meloxicam, prednisone, sulfasalazine and leflunomide. Seven years post RA diagnosis and despite well controlled disease on adalimumab, methotrexate and folic acid, her eyes became extremely dry and highly sensitive to light. This dryness caused severe, constant discomfort and visual blurring, rendering her partially incapacitated, even though her corrected vision was still normal at 6/6. She had to wear sunglasses indoors and could not drive independently. On examination of her corneas the various findings confirmed the severity of her dry eyes. These included a tear breakup time of 5 seconds bilaterally, mucus filaments, punctuate corneal straining and an almost non-existing tear meniscus indicating very little tear secretion. Evidence of previous (healed) peripheral ulcerative keratitis could be seen on the medial aspect of both corneas. These symptoms lead to the diagnosis of Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome. She was treated with all possible modalities including punctum plugs and multitudes of topical medication including Cyclosporine A, with no apparent improvement. A decision was made to attempt an eye drop prepared from autologous serum. Her condition improved remarkably in the year since she started the serum. Discussion Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome was first described by the eye specialist Hendrik Sjà ¶gren in 1933. It presents with a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca(dry eyes, in part known as Sicca syndrome), xerostomia (dry mouth), skin lesions, lymphoproliferative disorders, neurologic involvement, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis.3,9,12 In view of the wide range of severe systemic manifestations of the disease patients are often characterised with higher morbidity and mortality, which are mainly related to an enhanced probability to develop lymphoma.3,13 Most patients with SS are middle-aged women, and symptoms mostly occur with the accompaniment of, but not exclusively to, RA.3,12 Recently literature differentiates between two main types of the disease: The glandular (exocrine gland-localised) form that affects mainly the quality of life of the patient, and the systemic syndrome type which display extraglandular manifestations that may lead to lymphoma.3 The glandular phenomenon includes ocular symptoms (dry eyes, xerophthalmia) and oral involvement (dry mouth, xerostomia, caries and candidiasis).3 Extraglandular manifestations consist of musculoskeletal indications, Raynaud’s phenomenon, renal, liver and neurological involvement, vasculitis and haematologic manifestations.3,13 Diagnosis Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome is difficult to diagnose due to the multiple aspects of the syndrome, and similarity to the symptoms caused by other diseases.3,7,8 SS is a slow progressing disorder, and on average may take approximately 5 years from the onset of symptoms before the correct diagnosis is reached.8 Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome is strongly suggested in patients who present with both signs and symptoms of oral and ocular dryness and who test positive to the diagnostic criteria. From clinical experience it was found that if a patient does not suffer from both dry eyes and dry mouth, it is necessary to exclude further causes of the dry eyes by means of differential diagnoses.13 A series of tests in the diagnosis of Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome are outlined in Table 1. These criteria consider dryness symptoms, changes in salivary and lacrimal gland function, and systemic findings.8 Table 1. Tests and criteria used to diagnose Sjà ¶gren’s Syndrome8 Treatment The aim of treatment for dry eyes is mainly to provide relief of symptoms and to prevent corneal epitheliopathy. Management of the disease currently includes artificial tears, topical secretagogues, local immunomodulatory drops, lachrymal duct occlusion and hypotonic hyaluronic acid drops in the treatment of dry eyes.3 Different methods of treatment that may be used independently or in combination with tear supplements include systemic immunoactive drugs and calcineurin inhibitors, topical corticosteroids and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.3 Patients with dry eyes normally respond well to these treatments that focus on optimising the ocular surface environment. Some patients, however, present with more serious ocular surface disorders, that do not react to conventional treatment, which may lead to severe visual impairment.14,15 Fujita et al.10 drew attention to the exceptionally high incidence of dry eyes in patients with RA. Their conclusions are that although RA patients with SS present with systemic effects on dry eyes, there seems to be other local factors independently of the systemic process, that disturbs the ocular surface and control the severity of dry eyes in RA patients.5,16 Due to the many local elements active in dry eyes it calls for improved new therapeutic agents for managing dry eyes without making use of systemic agents.5 The various factors that contribute to a healthy ocular surface include an adequate blink reflex, normal tear production and healthy adnexae.14 Typically tears contain epitheliotrophic factors including growth factors, vitamins and fibronectin that are of vital importance to the ocular epithelial health.15 These factors support the viability, proliferation and migration of ocular surface epithelial cells.15 They are not found in pharmaceutical tear substitutes, but do however occur in blood serum. Clinical cohort studies have reported the successful useof epitheliotrophic factors in autologous serum drops to improve severe cases of dry eyes where other conventional treatments fall short.14,15 Autologous serum drops was first described in 1984 as a substitute constituent free of potentially harmful substances17 applied as unpreserved artificial tears.15 It is believed that the epitheliotrophic factors in the serum are the rationale behind its success in the treatment of extremely dry eyes.15 The use of autologous serum eye drops may in many cases be a last resort of treatment for SS patients who have not responded well to conventional tear replacement therapy. Even though the preparation thereof is costly and complex, it proofs a clinically effective treatment in ocular surface diseases.3,11 Being non-allergenic with biochemical properties akin to normal tears,3,18 it benefits the conjunctival epithelium supplementing essential vitamins, fibronectin, anti-proteases and growth factors. This may stimulate its proliferation and repair,11 and play an important role in the integrity of the cornea and conjunctiva.3,11 Autologous serum appears to be more effective in resistant cases. It may also play an essential role adjunct to therapy in other ophthalmological conditions as seen in chemical injuries of the ocular surface. Conclusion Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome may cause marked disability in patients suffering from the disease, especially when secondary to RA. In this case study, despite optimal control with a TNF inhibitor the patient still presented with SS and suffered from severe xerophthalmia. All treatment modalities had failed and as a last alternative autologous eye serum was instituted. This significantly improved the severe dry eyes and persistent epithelial defects and enabled her to live a normal life. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report. A copy of the written consent is available for review. References 1.Shiel W. What is rheumatoid arthritis?. 4/24/2014; Available at: http://www.medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis/article.htm. Accessed June 26, 2014. 2.Antero DC, Parra AGM, Miyazaki FH, Gehlen M, Skare TL. Secondary Sjà ¶grens syndrome and disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rev.Assoc.Med.Bras. 2011 05/20;57(3):319-322. 3.Vitali C, Palombi G, Cataleta P. Treating Sjà ¶grens Syndrome: Insights for the Clinician. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2010 06;2(3):155-166. 4.Patel R, Shahane A. The epidemiology of Sjà ¶grens syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014 07/30;6:247-255. 5.Lemp MA. Dry eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjà ¶grens syndrome. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2005 11;140(5):898-899. 6.Fox RI. Sjà ¶grens syndrome. Lancet 2005 07/23;366(9482):321-331. 7.Mayo Clinic. Diseases and Conditions: Sjogrens syndrome tests and diagnosis. Jul. 08, 2014; Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sjogrens-syndrome/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20020275. Accessed June 25, 2014. 8.Sjà ¶gren’s Syndrome Foundation. Diagnosis about Sjà ¶grens Syndrome. 2014; Available at: http://www.sjogrens.org/home/ about-sjogrens-syndrome/diagnosis. Accessed June 26, 2014. 9.Kruszka P, OBrian R,J. Diagnosis and management of Sjà ¶gren syndrome. Am.Fam.Physician 2009 03/15;79(6):465-470. 10.Fujita M, Igarashi T, Kurai T, Sakane M, Yoshino S, Takahashi H. Correlation between dry eye and rheumatoid arthritis activity. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2005 11;140(5):808-813. 11.Cho YK, Huang W, Kim GY, Lim BS. Comparison of autologous serum eye drops with different diluents. Curr.Eye Res. 2013 01;38(1):9-17. 12.ELLMAN P, Weber FP, Goodier T. A contribution to the pathology of Sjà ¶grens disease. QJM 1951;20(1):33-42. 13.Kassan SS, Moutsopoulos HM. Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sjà ¶gren syndrome. Arch.Intern.Med. 2004 06/28;164(12):1275-1284. 14.Noble BA, Loh RSK, MacLennan S, Pesudovs K, Reynolds A, Bridges LR, et al. Comparison of autologous serum eye drops with conventional therapy in a randomised controlled crossover trial for ocular surface disease. Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2004 05;88(5):647-652. 15.Geerling G, Maclennan S, Hartwig D. Autologous serum eye drops for ocular surface disorders. Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2004 11;88(11):1467-1474. 16.Villani E, Galimberti D, Del Papa N, Nucci P, Ratiglia R. Inflammation in dry eye associated with rheumatoid arthritis: cytokine and in vivo confocal microscopy study. Innate Immun 2013;19(4):420-427. 17.Fox RI, Chan R, Michelson JB, Belmont JB, Michelson PE. Beneficial effect of artificial tears made with autologous serum in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arthritis Rheum. 1984 04;27(4):459-461. 18.Quinto GG, Campos M, Behrens A. Autologous serum for ocular surface diseases. Arq.Bras.Oftalmol. 2008 11/20;71(6):47-54. 1

Aqua Games Played In Water Media Essay

Aqua Games Played In Water Media Essay Aqua games are usually referred to as the games that are normally played inside the water bodies. These games include the swimming, water volleyballs, throw balls and even water basket balls that are also played during these days. These games are played only in the water bodies. The games also include the muscle power and the mental power. The muscle power because the water games are played inside the water bodies and the one who cant balance his body with muscle power either end up drowning or even faints. The water games are not so easy to play as what they look so. These games are actually originated in the foreign countries and were introduced in India after the impact of the British. They usually used to play these games as an enjoyment while relaxing in the swimming pools built inside their forts and the palaces. Water games or the aqua games are either considered under the indoor games or the outdoor games. It will be known as an indoor game if there is a facility of water bodies inside the home or the outdoor games if the water games are played outside the homes. Water games are considered to the best and one among the international games of the world. These games have helped people to build the brotherhood between many countries that were formerly used to be the enemies. The ancient kings and the queens used to stronger their relationships with the neighboring dynasties through these aqua games. In one way or the other, the aqua games have helped out a nation to improve both ethically and also morally. The tie up of the relationships between the neighboring countries and the dynasties has helped out in maintaining a peaceful relationship between most of the countries which has resulted in the peaceful history. Coaching For The Game Games are referred to as an important part of human life. Games play a vital role in the growth of the human body. Games are one among the means in life where the healthy and the perfect growth of the body can be expected. The games are the passion of the people around the world. These games can be the part of the human life from birth to the death. Only the passion for the game can help people to get themselves into whatever field they would like to go to. The person decides the game or the field at which he would like to go on. The other things are decided after this vital decision of the person. The commonly found passion among the people of the world is most towards the game field. The decision of the person about the game is taken into the next step from the guidance of the perfect person or the institute where the person has to be trained with. The training or the guidelines about the selected field helps the person to select the required field he or she may choose to go. Next would be the importance of the coaching of the aim. No one can reach their goal if perfect coaching is not given. There will be people all around the world who would love to help those people who are passionate about the field which they choose to be in. The perfect coach and the strong passion towards the reaching of the goal are the only things that would anyone on the earth to be the one who has reached their destiny or you can also say that as the one who never gave up his passion and has reached his goal in his life. Equipment Used In The Games The games are the commonly found way of the utilization and the ones skills muscle power. Equipments are the other part of the game that is an important part and cannot be left out from the game when a game is thought about. Different games use different types of the equipments. When it comes to the cricket then the equipments that are used in the cricket are the bat, ball, hand and the leg glose, which protects the player, helmet and the every other protecting stuff. The football utilizes the equipments such as the colors or the uniforms that is used by the players to play the game. These uniforms are used only for the purpose of the indication of the unity among the players of the game. The other equipments are the common shoes and the other required protecting stuff. The volley ball and the throw ball games utilize the common equipments in both the games which are similar to that of the foot ball. The equipments differ with the different games. All the equipments are used only for the purpose of the protection of the players from the dangers that may occur while playing games. The other equipments that are commonly sold for the common people are the cricket bats, cricket balls, throw balls, foot balls, badminton cocks and bats, and every other game that are prevailed at that particular part of the world. Equipments are the most required things when it comes to playing of a game. Even the missing of one of the game equipments may lead to the flaw of the game. Today games play a vital role in the life of all the people than any other aspect in life. Most of them have come up in life only by the means of the games. Extreme Games Extreme games are referred to as those games where extreme actions or the stunts are used to win the game. These games are not ordinary games and most of the players has lost there life in these games. These games are not commonly played among the people. The extreme games include the car racing, bike racing, drifting, racing and the usage of every other means in order to win the match or the game. These means may also result in the giving up of oneÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s own life. The extreme games are those kind of games where the survival of the player is least expected. These games are not easy to play by the common man. The games include car racing of the track games. This game is like racing of the racers. It includes the usage of different kind of cars that are not used from the common man. This car game require only two people, one the driver or the and the other one is the navigator or the person who give the information about the tracks and the way to reach the destined goal. Here the danger is upon both the people. If the navigator does a slightest mistake then both the people may loose their lives. The other game is the bike racing. This game is commonly known among the people but it requires a high skill to balance the bikes. These bikes are designated for the racing purposes itself. These bikes cannot be handled by a common man since it requires a highly technical knowledge to balance them. The sky diving is one among the extreme games which are found played among the people. Here, the players dive from the helicopter with the required precautions. The length and the depth of the place where the helicopter lands soon the diver jumps matters a lot in this game. Group Games Group games are the games that are commonly played in groups or also in a team. These games include those games which are played among the international levels. These games have helped most of the countries to build up a good relationship among one another. The games such as the cricket, the football, the throw ball, the basket ball, the volley ball, etc are commonly played in the groups or the teams. The team games have reached into an international level with the best rewards. The games such as the crickets are commonly found played between two teams among the country or the world. These games are the only purpose of binding the relationship of the neighboring or the far away countries with one another. This game has also acted as a means of uniting the countries with one another. The other games are the foot ball where this game is played in a team or among two different teams. These teams are only the means and are commonly organized by the spectators that the teams play among each other and the relationship should strengthen between the countries. The other games are the throw ball where this game is normally played with the usage of the huge balls when compared what is used in the cricket. This game is one among those games where the balls are not supposed to be kicked and instead only catching and throwing work is done. The other game is the basket ball and this is that kind of game where no much people is used as a team as what it was used in the other games. Here limited and the less number of the players are used and are played with the limited time and the time will not be exceeded. Indoor Games Indoor games are referred to as those games which are usually played inside the house. These games do not require any energy or does not utilize muscle work. These games are the simple games that are usually played either by sitting on the floor or on a table or on the bed or in any other places inside a home. Indoor games include the games such as the carom, indoor basket ball, card games and the table top games. This type of games requires the minimum 2 members of the family or the friends. These games also help the children to enjoy their vacation during summers when they are not allowed to play out in the sun. The games usually could be seen played between the family members, friends and the relatives. These types of games help the family elders to enjoy with their children in the vacation times and also during the holiday times. The games such as the carom and the chess are considered to be as one among the international games that are played worldwide. The other petty games such as the snake and ladder, business, ludo, etc are simply played among the family members for their amusement purpose. The cards games such as the trump card games, 52 set games, the card suit games are those games that are fund usually played by the gamblers and are not considered to be the best games for the kids to play them. The table games such as the carom, snake and ladder, ludo, business, indoor table tennis, etc are few of the games where you can find the family members or the people enjoying their games by shouting louder in a friendly manner. The other royal and the indoor games are the pools, snookers and the billiards. This was called the royal games because no poor or a simple person can afford these games like all other games. Outdoor Games Outdoor games are usually referred to as those games that are played outside the home. These games require a heavy muscle work to play the games. These games include most of the games that are played inside a perimeter or simply the grounds. The games such as fishing are normally carried out in the banks of the water bodies. Fishing requires a highly calm mind and also the large amount of patience. Fishing is the commonly found solo game among every other game. The other games are the disc drives where the discs are thrown among two parallel people. The disc refers to the flat plate like structure that is mostly made of the plastic and is used only for the playing of the disc throw purposes. These games require a high muscle work. In this type of games two people stand exactly opposite to one another and start playing. The next games are the commonly known games all among the world. The cricket, foot ball, Throw ball, volley ball, and all other athletics come under the outdoor games. These games are commonly played in groups or the teams. Each requires more then 2 to 3 people to play these games. The other games are the shuttle-cock, badminton, and the other games that are commonly helpful in the healthy and a strong growth of the children. These games utilize more of the muscle energy and also exercise the whole body. The games that are played outside helps the people to expose themselves in to the outer environment which is required for a healthy growth of both the physical and the mental abilities of the students. These games are helpful in building a good relationship between to enemy countries through the matches where people like to see all play together rather than each play differently. These games help in building brotherhood between most of the countries. Snow Games Snow games are those games that are played in the snowy areas. These games require a very much daring mentality. These games include the solo games and also the group games. More than a group game it can also be considered as the fun and enjoyment of the people who play snow games with or without any companies. Snow games are also one among the games which were basically found and introduced by the outsiders of the country. These games can be played either as single or as solo players. Snow games were formally designated to be as simple games which were played from the people who would visit the snow covered areas. Snow games were found first by the ancient people who discovered that the falling on the snows would never hurt. And so they discovered various snow games to enjoy their free times. Later it was spread throughout the world. Snow games were simply meant as the solo game where one has to play alone to win. Later the adding up of the number of people into this field was started. Snow games are the most fun games where one would never get much hurt when fallen on the snows. These snow games require much of the skills to play with or else the one who would like to play will end up in getting into some kind of trouble. As soon as the snow gliding game starts, itÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s difficult for the one who started to stop the game by oneself. Snow games are much more fun when it is played under the guidance of the expertise. If the game is played without even thinking of having perfect training then it would be too difficult to overcome the circumstances which would come up in the last of the game. Solo Games Solo games are referred to as those games that are played just by a single person. Solo games are not that much popular when they are compared to the other type of games. These games are played alone and do not require any partners or friends to play with. Solo games are commonly known for those games where the games have to be played alone. These games will not be like those games where team work is used. This kind of games depends on the skills of the only person who would play it. The solo games include most of the daring or simply the extreme games. The game includes the bike racing, sky diving, underwater diving and many more. These games are the dangerous and the daring games and it will too much difficult if a slightest mistake occurs. The solo games are the most dangerous games and these games have to be played alone from the player. The other petty solo games are the games that are displayed in the malls. The choice of the games will be more here and every gain and the lost all will be of the person who would play it. These games were first used to tighten the relationships of the neighboring countries. Later it declined since there was not much advantage from these games and there were only disadvantages from these kinds of games. Solo games can also include the athletics and all other games that are included among the international games all around the world. Solo games are not that much popular since there is no team work here and the bonding also looses before getting strengthened. The solo games are not much encouraged in all the countries. And hence solo games have not found any popularity anywhere. Training To Reach The Goal Training is the most required part of oneÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s life who would never ever think to give up his or her goal. To reach this level one should have the perfect desire to win or to come up in life. Life never pushes you through your goal. It should be always you who would reach your goal. The first step towards the reaching of goal in life is to decide about the future which you should have to reach. Then it will be easy to decide everything that has to be done till that goal is reached. Every human being is born with the strong desire to achieve the goal. But most just give up because of the difficulties. The main part of the life is to have someone who would guide through every dark road till you reach the light that was designed for you. That someone is the trainer here who would help you to be prepared for the obstacles that would come through your life. The path of the goal will always be tough and will push you that much where you would just plan of giving up and turning back. But the truth is that the harder the life pushes you through, the stronger you would be to withstand all the difficulties of the life that would yet to come in future. Training is required for the people to know about the actual life. The trainer teaches you to slide through all the obstacles. That teaching is known as the training here where you would be fully prepared for any of the difficulties when your training is finished or the teaching is done. Teaching is so much helpful in life that the people will never learn to either give up or to turn back in life.

Maybe :: Essays Papers

Maybe It is extremely difficult to peer up into the heavens on a dark, clear night and not wonder if there are others, somewhere up there, wondering the same thing. The expanse is overwhelming, even before scientists spout their estimates and approximations. The grain-of-sand analogies don’t seem to say any more than we already know. It’s big. It’s real big. And each pinpoint of light seems to have the same answer for our questioning eyes: Maybe. If you just felt a rush of wonder, a breath of intellectual curiosity, then you just fell victim to an emotional literary technique. Though my intent was not to persuade you to any one point of view on extra-terrestrial life, I was trying to capture your attention as an audience. My attempt was not overly zealous because that would have worked against me. I tried to calculate it so as to engage your imagination without insulting your intelligence. It is a stratagem that is commonly used by those members of a profession based on logic whose target audience has a relatively high level of expected knowledge. Is there life somewhere else in the Universe? We don’t really know. The truth is, we won’t know until we’ve either found life, or we’ve searched every star in vain. Recent technological and strategical advancements have helped our attempt to answer this ultimate question. Though the resulting optimism may precede itself, it is, nonetheless, refreshing. An April 1996 article entitled â€Å"Searching For Life On Other Planets,† published by Scientific American, suggests that we will very likely have answers in the next decade. Making such a speculation without immediately losing all credibility is a feat that this article and its authors accomplish remarkably well. Every text, no matter what the field or subject, must persuade its reader in some form or another. Even small articles, written solely with the intent to inform, must persuade the reader that what they have written is true. Professors Roger Angel and Neville Woolf utilize logical appeal, or logos, during the majority of â€Å"Searching for Life on Other Planets† to obtain this end. That is to say, they created the article using systematic documentation and well-known example.